本發明涉(she)及一種用于改(gai)善柴油性能的生物(wu)質(zhi)基添(tian)加劑(ji)制(zhi)備(bei)和(he)使用方法,屬于柴油燃料添(tian)加劑(ji)技(ji)術領域。
背景技術:
含氧燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)燃(ran)(ran)燒一直(zhi)是人們關(guan)注的(de)(de)重(zhong)點(dian)及(ji)熱點(dian),隨著生物(wu)柴油的(de)(de)蓬勃發展,含氧燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)研(yan)究被推上又一個(ge)高(gao)潮,但大多數(shu)研(yan)究的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)在(zai)于能(neng)源的(de)(de)替代,而非含氧燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)燃(ran)(ran)燒排放(fang)特性(xing)。但隨著越來越嚴峻的(de)(de)環境(jing)問題,不同燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)在(zai)內燃(ran)(ran)機中的(de)(de)排放(fang)特性(xing)也逐漸(jian)為人們所研(yan)究。
含氧燃(ran)(ran)料能(neng)夠(gou)降低污染(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)如co、nox(除生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)柴(chai)油(you)(you))、hc、碳煙(yan)等(deng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)排放,并節約了化(hua)石能(neng)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)消耗,到目前為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)止,醇類(lei)、生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)柴(chai)油(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究已較為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)成熟:醇類(lei)燃(ran)(ran)料可以(yi)(yi)很好實現尾氣中nox和(he)碳煙(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)減排,但相(xiang)應的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),co和(he)hc會有一定程度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)加(jia),除此之外,排放產物(wu)(wu)(wu)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)醇類(lei)和(he)醛類(lei)會高于傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)柴(chai)油(you)(you);生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)柴(chai)油(you)(you)主(zhu)要成分一般是(shi)不飽和(he)脂肪酸甲酯(zhi),使用生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)柴(chai)油(you)(you)可以(yi)(yi)很好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實現柴(chai)油(you)(you)機尾氣中污染(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)減排,卻會導致nox的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)加(jia)。生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)快速熱裂解制油(you)(you)技(ji)術(shu)能(neng)以(yi)(yi)連(lian)續(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)藝(yi)和(he)工(gong)廠(chang)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產方式(shi)將以(yi)(yi)木(mu)屑和(he)秸稈等(deng)廢棄(qi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)轉(zhuan)化(hua)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)易(yi)儲存、易(yi)運輸、能(neng)量(liang)密(mi)度(du)(du)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)油(you)(you),但其成分十(shi)分復(fu)雜(za),物(wu)(wu)(wu)理化(hua)學性(xing)質(zhi)(zhi)不穩定(含水(shui)量(liang)高、酸性(xing)強、顆粒物(wu)(wu)(wu)多),必須通過進一步改性(xing)升級才能(neng)轉(zhuan)化(hua)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)柴(chai)油(you)(you)或汽油(you)(you)等(deng)內燃(ran)(ran)機燃(ran)(ran)料的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)添加(jia)劑。目前主(zhu)流的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)油(you)(you)提(ti)質(zhi)(zhi)方法有催化(hua)加(jia)氫和(he)催化(hua)裂解,但他們都需要復(fu)雜(za)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)操作系統(tong)(tong)并且容易(yi)堵塞(sai)管(guan)路,而催化(hua)酯(zhi)化(hua)是(shi)一種溫和(he)簡單(dan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提(ti)質(zhi)(zhi)方法,不需要復(fu)雜(za)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)加(jia)工(gong)工(gong)藝(yi)和(he)系統(tong)(tong),產物(wu)(wu)(wu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)羧(suo)酸對應的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)短鏈酯(zhi)。
在以往的研究中,已經證實了酯類燃料的碳鏈越長,則十六烷值越高,著火越提前,瞬時著火溫度越高。因此,著火提前的生物柴油一般有著較高于柴油的nox排放。酯類燃料碳鏈越短,則放熱速率越平緩,但相應的十六烷值越低,燃料燃值越低,點火延遲,放熱速率平緩。為了驗證上述理論,本發明分別進行10%甲酸乙酯、10%乙酸乙酯、10%丙酸乙酯混合燃油排放特性實驗(如圖1),圖中橫坐標為2200r/min轉速下10%、30%、50%、70%、90%的標定功率(8.8kw),縱坐標為別為有效能量消耗率、尾氣溫度、co、nox、煙度排放。由排放數據可知,酯類燃料添加劑可以有效促進燃燒熱效率的提升,并降低nox,碳煙等排放,其中甲酸乙酯由于其理化性質的限制,無法降低co和碳煙的排放,實驗中乙酸乙酯、丙酸乙酯混合燃油的燃值分別是43255kj/kg和43991kj/kg,兩種混合燃料的十六烷值分別為52和53,可以直接用于未改裝柴油機。基于上述研究基礎可以推論出:在柴油中添加合適比例的短鏈酯,可以有效抑制nox的生成。因此,本發明提出了一種溫和快速制取短鏈酯添加劑的方法:催化酯化生物質熱解油制取短鏈酯。對于生物油酯化反應的催化劑,so42-/zro2和5wt%pt/so42-/zro2/sba-15等(deng)都是可選(xuan)(xuan)擇的(de)對象,但上(shang)述(shu)催化(hua)(hua)劑(ji)(ji)價(jia)格稍貴,同時也容易(yi)失(shi)活,用于生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)油的(de)酯(zhi)化(hua)(hua)反(fan)應(ying)過(guo)于浪費,本實(shi)驗中選(xuan)(xuan)用陽(yang)離(li)子酸性(xing)樹(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)作為(wei)催化(hua)(hua)劑(ji)(ji),陽(yang)離(li)子酸性(xing)樹(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)價(jia)格便(bian)宜(yi)且在反(fan)應(ying)中不易(yi)失(shi)活,是理想的(de)酯(zhi)化(hua)(hua)反(fan)應(ying)催化(hua)(hua)劑(ji)(ji)。酯(zhi)化(hua)(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)油中含有多種(zhong)成(cheng)分,無(wu)法完全和(he)柴(chai)油互溶,因此需要進一步對生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)油進行(xing)(xing)分離(li),在80℃的(de)水浴鍋中,生(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)的(de)短鏈酯(zhi)蒸發氣會(hui)進入冷凝(ning)管進行(xing)(xing)冷卻(que)收集。
短(duan)(duan)鏈(lian)酯(zhi)(zhi)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)添加(jia)劑可以(yi)有效降低內(nei)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)尾氣(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)污染物的(de)(de)(de)(de)排放,提(ti)升混合(he)(he)(he)油(you)(you)中(zhong)短(duan)(duan)鏈(lian)酯(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)(han)量(liang),在(zai)(zai)減(jian)排的(de)(de)(de)(de)同時(shi),還(huan)可以(yi)節(jie)(jie)約了(le)化(hua)石燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)使用,但短(duan)(duan)鏈(lian)酯(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)低熱(re)(re)值、低十(shi)六烷值、較(jiao)長的(de)(de)(de)(de)點火(huo)延遲等都限(xian)制了(le)短(duan)(duan)鏈(lian)酯(zhi)(zhi)摻混比例的(de)(de)(de)(de)增加(jia),因此(ci)(ci),使用先進(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)燒(shao)技(ji)術對混合(he)(he)(he)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)油(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)燒(shao)有著(zhu)重(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)意義(yi)。us5117800公開了(le)一(yi)種柴(chai)油(you)(you)發(fa)(fa)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)/火(huo)花點火(huo)發(fa)(fa)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)操作方式,其所使用的(de)(de)(de)(de)助(zhu)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)富含(han)(han)氧(yang)(yang)氣(qi)(qi)(qi),并調整燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)注入時(shi)間,此(ci)(ci)方法以(yi)渦輪(lun)增壓(ya)器作為泵,通(tong)過(guo)濾(lv)膜過(guo)濾(lv)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)提(ti)升氧(yang)(yang)含(han)(han)量(liang),以(yi)供應內(nei)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)使用。us3794007公開了(le)以(yi)發(fa)(fa)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)為供熱(re)(re)源以(yi)加(jia)熱(re)(re)助(zhu)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)促(cu)進(jin)(jin)冷啟動(dong),當燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)可燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)性較(jiao)差時(shi),該發(fa)(fa)明(ming)通(tong)過(guo)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)加(jia)熱(re)(re)器中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)燒(shao)火(huo)焰加(jia)熱(re)(re)管路中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi),但該發(fa)(fa)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)壓(ya)縮比較(jiao)低,該方式提(ti)升了(le)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)燒(shao)熱(re)(re)效率但降低了(le)發(fa)(fa)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)整體效率。cn102027225同樣提(ti)出預熱(re)(re)富氧(yang)(yang)助(zhu)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)可以(yi)促(cu)進(jin)(jin)低十(shi)六烷的(de)(de)(de)(de)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)燒(shao)。us4333424則公開了(le)雙(shuang)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)缸(gang)(gang)等溫發(fa)(fa)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),第一(yi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)缸(gang)(gang)用于(yu)壓(ya)縮空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi),第二氣(qi)(qi)(qi)缸(gang)(gang)用于(yu)等溫環(huan)境下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)燒(shao)和做工,該方法存在(zai)(zai)一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)創新性,但氣(qi)(qi)(qi)缸(gang)(gang)摩擦損失較(jiao)大(da),并不符合(he)(he)(he)本發(fa)(fa)明(ming)節(jie)(jie)能(neng)減(jian)排的(de)(de)(de)(de)初衷。考慮到短(duan)(duan)鏈(lian)酯(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)理化(hua)性質,并綜合(he)(he)(he)上述燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)燒(shao)方法,為了(le)達到促(cu)進(jin)(jin)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)燒(shao)并節(jie)(jie)能(neng)減(jian)排的(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de),短(duan)(duan)鏈(lian)酯(zhi)(zhi)混合(he)(he)(he)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)油(you)(you)應該使用預熱(re)(re)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)、提(ti)前噴油(you)(you)時(shi)間等方法以(yi)促(cu)進(jin)(jin)高比例混合(he)(he)(he)油(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)燒(shao),在(zai)(zai)上述的(de)(de)(de)(de)理論基(ji)礎上,結合(he)(he)(he)短(duan)(duan)鏈(lian)酯(zhi)(zhi)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)理化(hua)性質,選擇(ze)適用于(yu)短(duan)(duan)鏈(lian)酯(zhi)(zhi)混合(he)(he)(he)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)油(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)燒(shao)技(ji)術,對內(nei)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)節(jie)(jie)能(neng)減(jian)排有非常重(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)意義(yi)。
技術實現要素:
技術問題(ti):本發明的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)是提供(gong)一種用于改善柴油性(xing)能的(de)(de)生物(wu)質(zhi)基添加劑制(zhi)備和(he)使(shi)用方(fang)(fang)法(fa),該制(zhi)備方(fang)(fang)法(fa)可以(yi)高(gao)效收集短鏈酯溶液,提高(gao)柴油混(hun)(hun)合燃(ran)料中添加劑摻(chan)混(hun)(hun)比例,節約了石油資(zi)源的(de)(de)使(shi)用;該使(shi)用方(fang)(fang)法(fa)不需要過多的(de)(de)能耗和(he)復雜的(de)(de)摻(chan)混(hun)(hun)方(fang)(fang)式,具有經濟性(xing)好(hao)、操(cao)作(zuo)簡單、可以(yi)對(dui)大體積燃(ran)料進行(xing)作(zuo)業(ye)。
技術(shu)方案(an):本發(fa)明提供了一種用于改善柴油性能的生物質基添加(jia)劑的制(zhi)備方法(fa)(fa),該方法(fa)(fa)包括以下步驟:
1)生(sheng)物(wu)質原料預處理:對(dui)生(sheng)物(wu)質原料進行干燥預處理,得到生(sheng)物(wu)質燃料;
2)生物(wu)(wu)質燃(ran)料進行熱(re)解:將步驟(zou)1)得到的(de)生物(wu)(wu)質燃(ran)料在缺氧(yang)條件下熱(re)解,得到包含水(shui)、氣體(ti)、水(shui)相生物(wu)(wu)油(you)(you)和油(you)(you)相生物(wu)(wu)油(you)(you)的(de)熱(re)解產物(wu)(wu),之后(hou)通過靜置分層收(shou)集水(shui)相生物(wu)(wu)油(you)(you);
3)生(sheng)物(wu)油酯化(hua)提質(zhi):對(dui)步驟(zou)2)中得(de)到(dao)的(de)水(shui)相生(sheng)物(wu)油進(jin)(jin)行(xing)除(chu)水(shui)、過濾(lv),得(de)到(dao)生(sheng)物(wu)油,之后對(dui)生(sheng)物(wu)油進(jin)(jin)行(xing)酯化(hua)反應,該反應生(sheng)成的(de)短鏈酯經蒸發、冷凝后得(de)到(dao)短鏈酯溶液即(ji)所(suo)述的(de)改善柴油性(xing)能(neng)的(de)生(sheng)物(wu)質(zhi)基添(tian)加劑。
其中:
步(bu)驟1)所(suo)述的(de)生物質(zhi)原(yuan)料(liao)為(wei)林(lin)業類生物質(zhi)原(yuan)料(liao),所(suo)述的(de)林(lin)業類生物質(zhi)原(yuan)料(liao)是指松木或者紅木。
步驟1)所(suo)述(shu)的干燥是指將生物質原料放置在烘箱中以(yi)100~110℃進(jin)行烘干,每(mei)隔3~6h進(jin)行一(yi)次(ci)稱(cheng)量,直至(zhi)生物質質量不再變化(hua);
步驟(zou)2)所述除(chu)水(shui)、過濾是指(zhi)采用(yong)3a分(fen)子篩進行除(chu)水(shui)、過濾,得(de)到(dao)生物油,其中3a分(fen)子篩的質量為(wei)水(shui)相生物油的20~40%。
步驟2)所(suo)述的將生物質燃料(liao)在缺氧(yang)條件(jian)下熱解(jie)的具體步驟如下:
①將生(sheng)物質(zhi)燃料置于上、下(xia)以(yi)法蘭(lan)(lan)封口的(de)(de)石(shi)英管中(zhong),所述法蘭(lan)(lan)蓋中(zhong)央設通氣(qi)(qi)孔,其中(zhong)上法蘭(lan)(lan)蓋中(zhong)央為(wei)氣(qi)(qi)體入口、下(xia)法蘭(lan)(lan)蓋中(zhong)央為(wei)氣(qi)(qi)體出(chu)口,在(zai)20℃下(xia)以(yi)0.1~0.5l/h的(de)(de)速率用氮(dan)氣(qi)(qi)對(dui)石(shi)英管內吹掃,排盡(jin)石(shi)英管內的(de)(de)空氣(qi)(qi);
②之后(hou)(hou)以0.1~0.5l/h的速率(lv)向石英(ying)管內供(gong)應(ying)氮氣(qi)(qi)并加熱石英(ying)管,當石英(ying)管中心(xin)溫(wen)度到達280~300℃時停止供(gong)應(ying)氮氣(qi)(qi),之后(hou)(hou)將溫(wen)度以速率(lv)20~25℃/min升溫(wen)至(zhi)600~650℃,得到包含水(shui)(shui)、氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)、水(shui)(shui)相生物(wu)(wu)油(you)和油(you)相生物(wu)(wu)油(you)的熱解(jie)產物(wu)(wu);熱解(jie)結束后(hou)(hou)靜置熱解(jie)產物(wu)(wu),20~30min后(hou)(hou)會出現分(fen)(fen)層現象,上(shang)層褐(he)色(se)液(ye)(ye)體(ti)(ti)為(wei)水(shui)(shui)相生物(wu)(wu)油(you)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen),下層黑色(se)粘稠液(ye)(ye)體(ti)(ti)為(wei)油(you)相生物(wu)(wu)油(you)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen),提取生物(wu)(wu)油(you)中水(shui)(shui)相生物(wu)(wu)油(you)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)。
所述石英管外徑為(wei)86mm、內(nei)經(jing)(jing)為(wei)80mm、長(chang)為(wei)1200mm,上、下以(yi)(yi)法蘭(lan)蓋封口(kou),法蘭(lan)蓋中間設通氣孔(孔徑6mm),在石英管內(nei)部(bu)有內(nei)經(jing)(jing)小(xiao)于60mm的耐溫(wen)陶(tao)瓷(ci)網(wang)。因為(wei)不同生物質產(chan)油率、熱(re)解溫(wen)度(du)各不相同,導(dao)致管內(nei)氣壓各不相同,所以(yi)(yi)石英管上法蘭(lan)蓋中間孔以(yi)(yi)熱(re)電偶靈活(huo)封口(kou),以(yi)(yi)便于在石英管內(nei)壓力過大時進行放氣減壓。
步(bu)驟3)所述的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)物油(you)(you)進(jin)行(xing)酯(zhi)化反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)是(shi)指(zhi)將生(sheng)(sheng)物油(you)(you)在酸性陽(yang)離子(zi)樹脂為催化劑(ji)(ji)的(de)條(tiao)件(jian)下與無水乙(yi)(yi)醇(chun)(chun)進(jin)行(xing)酯(zhi)化反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying),其(qi)中(zhong)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)溫度為78~80℃;所述的(de)酯(zhi)化反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)操(cao)作過程如下:加熱(re)水浴(yu)鍋至78~80℃,等溫度穩定(ding)后,依次(ci)將催化劑(ji)(ji)、生(sheng)(sheng)物油(you)(you)和無水乙(yi)(yi)醇(chun)(chun)加入容器(qi)中(zhong),反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)5~7h,反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)同時(shi)進(jin)行(xing)冷凝;其(qi)中(zhong)催化劑(ji)(ji)為生(sheng)(sheng)物油(you)(you)質量(liang)的(de)10~15%,無水乙(yi)(yi)醇(chun)(chun)為生(sheng)(sheng)物油(you)(you)質量(liang)的(de)20~30%。
所述(shu)的酸性(xing)陽離(li)子(zi)樹脂(zhi)的制(zhi)備過程如(ru)下(xia):以0.8~1.2mol/l的鹽(yan)酸溶液與(yu)樹脂(zhi)進行(xing)攪(jiao)拌,每次(ci)(ci)攪(jiao)拌3~5min,共攪(jiao)拌4~5次(ci)(ci),使(shi)na型(xing)離(li)子(zi)轉(zhuan)化(hua)為h型(xing),再用(yong)無水乙醇與(yu)樹脂(zhi)進行(xing)攪(jiao)拌,每次(ci)(ci)3~5min,共攪(jiao)拌1~2次(ci)(ci),烘干備用(yong)。
本發明還提供了一種用于改(gai)善(shan)柴(chai)油(you)性(xing)能的(de)生物質基添(tian)加劑(ji)(ji)的(de)使(shi)用方法(fa),該使(shi)用方法(fa)步驟(zou)如下:將所述的(de)改(gai)善(shan)柴(chai)油(you)性(xing)能添(tian)加劑(ji)(ji)加入到(dao)柴(chai)油(you)燃料中,在(zai)轉速(su)為1000~1500r/min的(de)條件下,攪(jiao)拌20~40min,即得到(dao)性(xing)能改(gai)善(shan)的(de)短鏈酯(zhi)-柴(chai)油(you)混(hun)合燃料,其中所述的(de)短鏈酯(zhi)-柴(chai)油(you)混(hun)合燃料中短鏈酯(zhi)的(de)體積占比v%為0%<v%≤50%。
其中:
所述的短(duan)鏈酯(zhi)-柴油混合燃料中短(duan)鏈酯(zhi)體積占比(bi)小于(yu)20%時,該混合燃料在柴油機(ji)中穩(wen)定燃燒(shao)并實現污染物減(jian)排(pai)的目(mu)的;所述的短(duan)鏈酯(zhi)-柴油混合燃料中短(duan)鏈酯(zhi)體積占比(bi)為20%~30%時,為保證柴油機(ji)的穩(wen)定運行及(ji)減(jian)排(pai)應(ying)提高進氣溫度至60℃以(yi)上;所述的短(duan)鏈酯(zhi)-柴油混合燃料中短(duan)鏈酯(zhi)體積占比(bi)為30%~50%時,為保證柴油機(ji)的穩(wen)定運行,應(ying)提前噴(pen)油角度至-35℃ca~-30℃ca。
有(you)(you)益效(xiao)果:與(yu)現有(you)(you)技(ji)術相比,本發明具有(you)(you)以(yi)下優勢(shi):
1)現有技術中熱解生物油主要采用快速熱解,即103~104℃/s的(de)(de)(de)升溫(wen)速(su)(su)率、500℃左右的(de)(de)(de)反應溫(wen)度、1~2s的(de)(de)(de)氣相停(ting)留(liu)時間(jian),但快(kuai)速(su)(su)熱解(jie)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)物(wu)油粘度大(da)、酸含量低,并不適合短鏈酯(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)備;本發明(ming)中(zhong)采用(yong)較慢的(de)(de)(de)升溫(wen)速(su)(su)率(升溫(wen)速(su)(su)率區(qu)間(jian)20℃/min~25℃/min)升溫(wen)30~40min至600℃~650℃進(jin)行(xing)熱解(jie),使熱解(jie)產物(wu)中(zhong)大(da)分子物(wu)質進(jin)一步分解(jie)成甲酸、乙(yi)酸等小分子產物(wu),從(cong)而更有利于短鏈酯(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)備。
2)現(xian)有技術中對生(sheng)物油的(de)(de)酯化方法只采用(yong)75℃以(yi)下(xia)的(de)(de)加熱溫度,反應后(hou)的(de)(de)短鏈(lian)酯依然留(liu)存在生(sheng)物油中;本發明采用(yong)78℃~80℃的(de)(de)加熱溫度,酯化及冷凝同時進行,從而達到高(gao)效收集短鏈(lian)酯溶(rong)液的(de)(de)效果。
3)現有技(ji)術中(zhong)以加(jia)熱柴(chai)油機進氣為助(zhu)燃的主(zhu)要(yao)手段,本發明采用加(jia)熱進氣和提前噴油組合方(fang)法優化短鏈酯-柴(chai)油混(hun)(hun)合燃料的燃燒,從而達到最大(da)限度(du)的添加(jia)劑(ji)摻(chan)混(hun)(hun)比例,節(jie)約了(le)石油資源的使用。
4)因為短鏈(lian)酯可以和(he)柴油(you)以任意比互溶(rong),因此(ci)不需要(yao)過(guo)多(duo)的(de)能耗和(he)復(fu)雜的(de)摻混方式,因此(ci)采用經濟(ji)性好、操作簡單、可以對大(da)體積燃料進行(xing)作業的(de)攪拌混合方式。
附圖說明
圖(tu)1為短鏈酯-柴(chai)油混合燃料運行特性曲線——有效能量消耗(hao)率(lv);
圖(tu)2為短鏈酯(zhi)-柴油混合燃料排放特性曲(qu)線——尾(wei)氣溫度(du);
圖3為短鏈(lian)酯-柴油(you)混合(he)燃料(liao)排(pai)放特性曲線——一氧化(hua)碳(tan)排(pai)放;
圖4為(wei)短(duan)鏈酯-柴油混(hun)合燃料排放特性曲線——氮(dan)氧化物排放;
圖(tu)5為短鏈(lian)酯-柴油(you)混合燃料排(pai)放特(te)性曲線——煙度;
圖6為立式(shi)熱解氣氛爐裝置圖;
圖(tu)7為(wei)石英管內部結構圖(tu);
圖8為冷凝管構造圖;
圖9為酯化裝置圖;
圖中(zhong)有(you):氮氣(qi)(qi)罐1、流量控(kong)制器2、溫度顯示屏3、電(dian)源開(kai)關4、電(dian)源指示燈5、冷凝管6、生(sheng)物油收(shou)集(ji)杯7、抽水泵8、冷卻水池9、酒精(jing)吸(xi)附(fu)瓶10、活性炭吸(xi)附(fu)管11、水溶液(ye)12、密封蓋(gai)13、耐溫棉保(bao)溫層14、測溫熱(re)(re)電(dian)偶15、耐溫陶瓷(ci)網(wang)16、加熱(re)(re)段17、熱(re)(re)解氣(qi)(qi)入口(kou)18、生(sheng)物油出(chu)口(kou)19、冷卻水入口(kou)20、冷卻水出(chu)口(kou)21、熱(re)(re)解廢氣(qi)(qi)出(chu)口(kou)22、支架(jia)23、恒溫水浴鍋24、溫度計25、攪拌器26、三口(kou)燒瓶27、球型(xing)冷凝管28、短(duan)鏈酯收(shou)集(ji)杯29、石英管30。
具體實施方式
本發明中(zhong)(zhong),所述熱(re)(re)(re)(re)解(jie)(jie)部分在(zai)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)解(jie)(jie)實驗臺(如圖6)上進(jin)行(xing)(xing),其中(zhong)(zhong)包括(kuo):氮氣(qi)(qi)(qi)罐1、流量控(kong)(kong)制器(qi)2、溫(wen)度(du)顯示(shi)(shi)屏(ping)3、電源(yuan)開關(guan)4、電源(yuan)指示(shi)(shi)燈5、冷(leng)(leng)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)管(guan)6、生(sheng)物油(you)收集杯(bei)7、抽(chou)(chou)水(shui)(shui)(shui)泵8、冷(leng)(leng)卻(que)水(shui)(shui)(shui)池9、酒精吸(xi)附(fu)瓶(ping)10、活性(xing)炭吸(xi)附(fu)管(guan)11、水(shui)(shui)(shui)溶液(ye)12;開始熱(re)(re)(re)(re)解(jie)(jie)時應先打(da)開電源(yuan)開關(guan)4,然后(hou)(hou)打(da)開流量控(kong)(kong)制器(qi)2,使氮氣(qi)(qi)(qi)罐1通(tong)過(guo)(guo)法(fa)蘭上的(de)進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)孔向石(shi)英管(guan)30內(nei)通(tong)入(ru)氮氣(qi)(qi)(qi),石(shi)英管(guan)30部分(如圖7)包括(kuo):密封蓋13、耐溫(wen)棉(mian)保溫(wen)層14、測溫(wen)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)電偶15、耐溫(wen)陶瓷網16、加(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)段(duan)17。熱(re)(re)(re)(re)解(jie)(jie)時電源(yuan)指示(shi)(shi)燈5用于測量石(shi)英管(guan)30內(nei)溫(wen)度(du),溫(wen)度(du)數據由(you)溫(wen)度(du)顯示(shi)(shi)屏(ping)3進(jin)行(xing)(xing)展示(shi)(shi),加(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)段(duan)17用于加(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)呈放在(zai)耐溫(wen)陶瓷網16上的(de)生(sheng)物質,而耐溫(wen)棉(mian)保溫(wen)層14用于隔絕(jue)加(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)段(duan)溫(wen)度(du),起保溫(wen)作(zuo)用。熱(re)(re)(re)(re)解(jie)(jie)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)從石(shi)英管(guan)30底部出(chu)口(kou)排(pai)(pai)出(chu),通(tong)過(guo)(guo)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)解(jie)(jie)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)入(ru)口(kou)18進(jin)入(ru)冷(leng)(leng)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)管(guan)6(如圖8),經(jing)冷(leng)(leng)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)后(hou)(hou)生(sheng)物油(you)由(you)生(sheng)物油(you)出(chu)口(kou)19進(jin)入(ru)生(sheng)物油(you)收集杯(bei)7中(zhong)(zhong),而不可冷(leng)(leng)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)由(you)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)解(jie)(jie)廢氣(qi)(qi)(qi)出(chu)口(kou)22進(jin)行(xing)(xing)排(pai)(pai)出(chu),冷(leng)(leng)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)管(guan)6中(zhong)(zhong)冷(leng)(leng)卻(que)水(shui)(shui)(shui)由(you)抽(chou)(chou)水(shui)(shui)(shui)泵8從冷(leng)(leng)卻(que)水(shui)(shui)(shui)池9中(zhong)(zhong)抽(chou)(chou)取,熱(re)(re)(re)(re)解(jie)(jie)廢氣(qi)(qi)(qi)由(you)冷(leng)(leng)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)管(guan)6排(pai)(pai)出(chu)后(hou)(hou)經(jing)過(guo)(guo)酒精吸(xi)附(fu)瓶(ping)10、活性(xing)炭吸(xi)附(fu)管(guan)11、水(shui)(shui)(shui)溶液(ye)12吸(xi)附(fu)過(guo)(guo)濾后(hou)(hou)排(pai)(pai)入(ru)大(da)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)。
其中(zhong)(zhong)溫(wen)度顯示屏3顯示加熱(re)(re)熱(re)(re)電阻溫(wen)度、管(guan)壁溫(wen)度以及加熱(re)(re)段石英管(guan)30中(zhong)(zhong)心溫(wen)度,反應熱(re)(re)解真實的(de)開始結束時(shi)間及氣(qi)氛爐狀態(tai);冷凝管(guan)6內冷卻液體(ti)為0℃冰水(shui)混合物,且冷凝管(guan)6尾(wei)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)兩口(kou)(kou),直口(kou)(kou)向下排(pai)出熱(re)(re)解油(you),彎口(kou)(kou)向上排(pai)出熱(re)(re)解氣(qi),且防止熱(re)(re)解氣(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)參雜部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)熱(re)(re)解油(you);酒精(jing)吸(xi)收瓶(ping)10中(zhong)(zhong)分(fen)(fen)(fen)別為酒精(jing)體(ti)積占比(bi)70%和酒精(jing)體(ti)積占比(bi)30%的(de)酒精(jing)水(shui)混合液體(ti);活(huo)性炭吸(xi)附(fu)(fu)管(guan)11中(zhong)(zhong)承(cheng)裝(zhuang)木炭以吸(xi)附(fu)(fu)熱(re)(re)解氣(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)有害氣(qi)體(ti),管(guan)口(kou)(kou)以耐溫(wen)棉封口(kou)(kou);尾(wei)部(bu)燒瓶(ping)中(zhong)(zhong)為水(shui)溶(rong)液,作(zuo)最后(hou)一步吸(xi)附(fu)(fu)處理。
生物油的(de)酯(zhi)(zhi)化(hua)部分(fen)在(zai)(zai)酯(zhi)(zhi)化(hua)實驗臺(如圖9)中進(jin)(jin)行,酯(zhi)(zhi)化(hua)實驗臺包括:支架(jia)23、恒(heng)溫水浴鍋(guo)24、溫度(du)計(ji)25、攪拌器(qi)26、三口燒(shao)瓶(ping)27、球型冷凝管28、短(duan)鏈(lian)(lian)酯(zhi)(zhi)收集(ji)(ji)杯29。開始酯(zhi)(zhi)化(hua)反應(ying)前(qian)首先將恒(heng)溫水浴鍋(guo)24溫度(du)升至80℃,待溫度(du)穩定后(hou)依次向三口燒(shao)瓶(ping)27中加入(ru)催化(hua)劑、生物油、無(wu)水乙醇,由攪拌器(qi)26進(jin)(jin)行攪拌,反應(ying)共進(jin)(jin)行5h~7h,反應(ying)生成的(de)短(duan)鏈(lian)(lian)酯(zhi)(zhi)會(hui)在(zai)(zai)80℃環(huan)境(jing)下蒸發,再(zai)經過球型冷凝管28冷凝后(hou)收集(ji)(ji)在(zai)(zai)短(duan)鏈(lian)(lian)酯(zhi)(zhi)收集(ji)(ji)杯29中。
在脫氧環境下(xia)對(dui)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)進(jin)行熱解,對(dui)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)油(you)除水、酯(zhi)化(hua),從生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)油(you)gc-ms分析圖(圖6)可(ke)以看出,原生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)油(you)中(zhong)主要物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)有(you)乙酸、1羥基-丙酮、呋喃、2甲氧基-苯酚等(deng)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi),其中(zhong)乙酸含量為14.7%。
本發明,選用經濟(ji)節約、可回收型(xing)酸性陽離子樹脂(zhi)為催(cui)化(hua)劑對生物油進行(xing)催(cui)化(hua)酯化(hua)。
本發明中,作為(wei)一種溫和(he)、節約型的(de)提質(zhi)反(fan)應,不需(xu)要復(fu)雜(za)的(de)系統和(he)過多的(de)外(wai)部能量(liang),因此,生物油(you)酯化反(fan)應在80℃水浴鍋中進行(xing),并在反(fan)映結束后(hou)對催化劑進行(xing)回收。
本發明(ming)中(zhong),在進行(xing)(xing)酯化反應的(de)同時(shi)對短鏈(lian)(lian)酯進行(xing)(xing)冷凝收集(ji)工作,同時(shi),生物(wu)油溶(rong)液中(zhong)短鏈(lian)(lian)酯的(de)蒸發又促進了反應的(de)正向進行(xing)(xing)。
實施例1:
(1)從市面上購(gou)(gou)買(mai)成型后的(de)商用生(sheng)物質,本實驗中購(gou)(gou)買(mai)的(de)是松木生(sheng)物質顆粒(鴻藍(lan)能源),熱值4200-4500大卡(ka)/kg,2.53%灰(hui)分(fen),2.26%水分(fen),69%揮發分(fen);將生(sheng)物質放置在烘(hong)箱中以104℃進行(xing)烘(hong)干,每隔5h稱量一次,直至生(sheng)物質質量不(bu)再變化,烘(hong)干共計(ji)48h。
(2)對生物質進行熱解:
具(ju)體(ti)地,熱(re)解(jie)準(zhun)備階(jie)段:安裝耐溫陶(tao)瓷網,稱量松木生物質(zhi)顆粒500g加入石(shi)英管(guan)30中,并對石(shi)英管(guan)30進行(xing)法蘭(lan)密封,然后插入測(ce)溫熱(re)電(dian)偶15,并檢查石(shi)英管(guan)30氣密性:通入氮(dan)氣并觀(guan)察尾(wei)氣處理瓶中是否(fou)有氣泡產生。
檢查裝置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣密性后連接實(shi)驗臺如圖6所(suo)示,在冷凝管6入口(kou)填(tian)入耐溫(wen)(wen)(wen)棉(mian)以(yi)過(guo)濾(lv)顆(ke)粒物(wu),在活(huo)性炭吸(xi)附管11出口(kou)及(ji)入口(kou)填(tian)入耐溫(wen)(wen)(wen)棉(mian),開(kai)始熱(re)解(jie)時(shi)調節(jie)氮氣流量計至合適大小(實(shi)驗中(zhong)(zhong)為(wei)0.3l/h),打開(kai)熱(re)解(jie)爐(lu)總電源、升溫(wen)(wen)(wen)電源,設置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)吹(chui)掃時(shi)間、吹(chui)掃溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du);設置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)目標溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)、升溫(wen)(wen)(wen)時(shi)間、升溫(wen)(wen)(wen)速(su)率;設置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)目標溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)持續時(shi)間,并打開(kai)抽水(shui)(shui)泵。本(ben)實(shi)驗中(zhong)(zhong)設置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)吹(chui)掃時(shi)間3min,目標溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)600℃,升溫(wen)(wen)(wen)時(shi)間30min,升溫(wen)(wen)(wen)速(su)率23℃/min。熱(re)解(jie)時(shi)隨著溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)的升高(gao),熱(re)解(jie)氣壓(ya)不(bu)斷升高(gao),熱(re)解(jie)氣流經冷凝管6后,液相部分收集至生物(wu)油收集杯(bei)7中(zhong)(zhong),氣相部分依次通(tong)過(guo)酒精溶液,活(huo)性炭吸(xi)附管11,最后通(tong)入盛(sheng)水(shui)(shui)燒杯(bei)中(zhong)(zhong),除去氣體中(zhong)(zhong)有害物(wu)質。
(3)對生物油進(jin)行酯化:
具體的(de)(de)(de),將(jiang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)油(you)(you)(you)收(shou)集杯(bei)7中(zhong)(zhong)收(shou)集液(ye)(ye)(ye)相部(bu)分靜置1h,待粘稠油(you)(you)(you)相沉積下來后,取上層(ceng)輕(qing)質(zhi)水(shui)(shui)相與(yu)無(wu)水(shui)(shui)乙醇進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)酯(zhi)(zhi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying),酯(zhi)(zhi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)是(shi)可逆反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying),而(er)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)油(you)(you)(you)中(zhong)(zhong)含有大量的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)分,所(suo)以(yi)(yi)有必要在酯(zhi)(zhi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)之前對(dui)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)油(you)(you)(you)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)除(chu)水(shui)(shui),采(cai)用(yong)(yong)3a分子篩對(dui)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)油(you)(you)(you)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)除(chu)水(shui)(shui),然后進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)酯(zhi)(zhi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying),并且在反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong),每隔1h取生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)油(you)(you)(you)質(zhi)量分數20%的(de)(de)(de)3a分子篩與(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)油(you)(you)(you)混合(he)(he)、攪(jiao)拌(ban)、過(guo)濾,共(gong)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)2次(ci)(ci),以(yi)(yi)促進(jin)(jin)(jin)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)油(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)酯(zhi)(zhi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)。實驗所(suo)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)催化(hua)(hua)(hua)劑是(shi)酸(suan)性陽離子樹脂(zhi),在進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)催化(hua)(hua)(hua)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)前,需要對(dui)樹脂(zhi)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)預處理:以(yi)(yi)1mol/l的(de)(de)(de)鹽(yan)酸(suan)溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)與(yu)樹脂(zhi)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)攪(jiao)拌(ban)混合(he)(he),每次(ci)(ci)攪(jiao)拌(ban)3min然后換新(xin)(xin)鹽(yan)酸(suan)溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)攪(jiao)拌(ban),共(gong)5次(ci)(ci),使na型(xing)離子轉化(hua)(hua)(hua)為(wei)h型(xing),再用(yong)(yong)無(wu)水(shui)(shui)乙醇與(yu)樹脂(zhi)催化(hua)(hua)(hua)劑進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)攪(jiao)拌(ban),每次(ci)(ci)3min后換新(xin)(xin)乙醇溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)繼續攪(jiao)拌(ban),共(gong)2次(ci)(ci),烘干備用(yong)(yong)。開(kai)始酯(zhi)(zhi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)時,將(jiang)恒溫水(shui)(shui)浴鍋升溫到(dao)80℃,并開(kai)啟攪(jiao)拌(ban)器,以(yi)(yi)500r/min進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)攪(jiao)拌(ban),依次(ci)(ci)將(jiang)催化(hua)(hua)(hua)劑、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)油(you)(you)(you)和無(wu)水(shui)(shui)乙醇加入容(rong)器中(zhong)(zhong),反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)5h,其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)催化(hua)(hua)(hua)劑為(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)油(you)(you)(you)質(zhi)量的(de)(de)(de)10%,無(wu)水(shui)(shui)乙醇為(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)油(you)(you)(you)質(zhi)量的(de)(de)(de)20%。反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)結束后對(dui)催化(hua)(hua)(hua)劑進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)回收(shou);在酯(zhi)(zhi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)同(tong)時,將(jiang)短鏈酯(zhi)(zhi)蒸發氣冷凝收(shou)集于短鏈酯(zhi)(zhi)收(shou)集杯(bei)中(zhong)(zhong)。
(4)穩定燃燒與降低污染物(wu)排放
具(ju)體(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),將收集到的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)添加(jia)(jia)(jia)劑以(yi)(yi)10%、20%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)(ti)積(ji)(ji)占比(bi)和柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)摻混(hun)(hun)(hun)(標(biao)定(ding)轉速下(xia),90%標(biao)定(ding)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)),混(hun)(hun)(hun)合(he)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)在(zai)(zai)內(nei)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)運行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)(qing)況下(xia)有(you)效的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)降低(di)(di)尾(wei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)排放(fang),但隨著摻混(hun)(hun)(hun)比(bi)例的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)增加(jia)(jia)(jia),尤其當添加(jia)(jia)(jia)劑體(ti)(ti)(ti)積(ji)(ji)占比(bi)20%時(shi)(shi)(shi),柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)在(zai)(zai)過(guo)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)情(qing)(qing)況下(xia)會出(chu)現功(gong)(gong)率(lv)輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)波(bo)動(dong),因此,此燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)添加(jia)(jia)(jia)劑可(ke)(ke)(ke)在(zai)(zai)水冷、非恒(heng)速輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)上(shang)(shang)發揮最優性(xing)能(neng),并且(qie)(qie),在(zai)(zai)摻混(hun)(hun)(hun)比(bi)例<20%時(shi)(shi)(shi),不應(ying)使用(yong)改造后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)進(jin)(jin)(jin)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)系統,加(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)內(nei)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)助(zhu)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)可(ke)(ke)(ke)使燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)著火點提(ti)前,并且(qie)(qie)在(zai)(zai)本添加(jia)(jia)(jia)劑本身富(fu)(fu)氧的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)(qing)況下(xia),受到加(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)會導(dao)致較快的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)放(fang)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)速率(lv)和較集中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)放(fang)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)量,在(zai)(zai)添加(jia)(jia)(jia)劑富(fu)(fu)氧的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前提(ti)下(xia),會更加(jia)(jia)(jia)促進(jin)(jin)(jin)nox的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生成,無(wu)法達到污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)物(wu)減(jian)排的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)初衷。繼續提(ti)升添加(jia)(jia)(jia)劑摻混(hun)(hun)(hun)比(bi)例至30%,應(ying)改造柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)進(jin)(jin)(jin)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)系統,柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)進(jin)(jin)(jin)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)系統應(ying)使用(yong)層流式加(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)裝置,根據(ju)具(ju)體(ti)(ti)(ti)柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)型號及(ji)尾(wei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)度(du)設計受熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)面面積(ji)(ji)及(ji)加(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)器長度(du),以(yi)(yi)針對(dui)(dui)(dui)具(ju)體(ti)(ti)(ti)條件進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)助(zhu)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)加(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)。在(zai)(zai)進(jin)(jin)(jin)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)度(du)被加(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)至60℃時(shi)(shi)(shi),30%體(ti)(ti)(ti)積(ji)(ji)占比(bi)添加(jia)(jia)(jia)劑的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)混(hun)(hun)(hun)合(he)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)在(zai)(zai)內(nei)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)中(zhong)使用(yong),但內(nei)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)運行(xing)(xing)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)聲音沉(chen)悶(men),輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)不再能(neng)達到標(biao)定(ding)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)90%,且(qie)(qie)柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)運行(xing)(xing)時(shi)(shi)(shi)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)不穩(wen)(wen)定(ding),nox排放(fang)顯(xian)著降低(di)(di),而co/hc排放(fang)提(ti)升,在(zai)(zai)進(jin)(jin)(jin)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)度(du)被加(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)至80℃時(shi)(shi)(shi),30%體(ti)(ti)(ti)積(ji)(ji)占比(bi)添加(jia)(jia)(jia)劑的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)混(hun)(hun)(hun)合(he)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)在(zai)(zai)內(nei)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)中(zhong)正常使用(yong),上(shang)(shang)述(shu)問(wen)題大大減(jian)輕,對(dui)(dui)(dui)于40%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)添加(jia)(jia)(jia)劑占比(bi),尾(wei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)加(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)進(jin)(jin)(jin)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方式已不能(neng)滿足混(hun)(hun)(hun)合(he)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)燒(shao)及(ji)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)物(wu)減(jian)排,理論上(shang)(shang)使用(yong)額外的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)源(yuan)對(dui)(dui)(dui)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)加(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)也能(neng)滿足燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)燒(shao)需求,但這里不做探討。而根據(ju)短(duan)鏈酯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理化性(xing)質可(ke)(ke)(ke)知(zhi),短(duan)鏈酯相比(bi)于柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you),放(fang)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)速率(lv)較為(wei)平緩(huan),點火延遲較長,為(wei)促進(jin)(jin)(jin)混(hun)(hun)(hun)合(he)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)燒(shao),應(ying)視(shi)情(qing)(qing)況對(dui)(dui)(dui)柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)改造,提(ti)前噴油(you)(you)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間,理論上(shang)(shang)亦可(ke)(ke)(ke)促進(jin)(jin)(jin)混(hun)(hun)(hun)合(he)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)燒(shao),實現柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)尾(wei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)減(jian)排。
實施例2:
(1)從市面上購買成型(xing)后的(de)(de)商用生(sheng)物(wu)質,本實驗中購買的(de)(de)是(shi)紅木生(sheng)物(wu)質顆(ke)粒,熱值4300~4600大卡/kg;將生(sheng)物(wu)質放置(zhi)在烘箱中以104℃進(jin)行(xing)烘干,每(mei)隔5h稱量(liang)一次(ci),直至生(sheng)物(wu)質質量(liang)不再變化,烘干共計45h。
(2)對(dui)生(sheng)物質(zhi)進行熱解:
具體地(di),熱解準(zhun)備階段:安裝耐溫陶瓷網(wang),稱(cheng)量紅木生物質顆粒480g加入石英管30中(zhong),并對(dui)石英管30進行(xing)法蘭密封(feng),然后插入測(ce)溫熱電偶15,并檢(jian)查石英管30氣(qi)密性:通入氮氣(qi)并觀察尾氣(qi)處(chu)理瓶(ping)中(zhong)是否(fou)有氣(qi)泡產生。
檢查裝置(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)密性后連接(jie)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)臺(tai)如(ru)圖6所示(shi),在冷凝(ning)管(guan)(guan)6入(ru)口(kou)填入(ru)耐溫(wen)(wen)棉以過(guo)濾(lv)顆粒(li)物,在活性炭吸(xi)(xi)附管(guan)(guan)11出口(kou)及入(ru)口(kou)填入(ru)耐溫(wen)(wen)棉,開始(shi)熱解(jie)時(shi)(shi)調節氮氣(qi)(qi)(qi)流量計至合適大小(實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)中為0.1l/h),打開熱解(jie)爐總電(dian)(dian)源、升(sheng)(sheng)溫(wen)(wen)電(dian)(dian)源,設置(zhi)(zhi)吹(chui)掃時(shi)(shi)間(jian)、吹(chui)掃溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du);設置(zhi)(zhi)目標溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)、升(sheng)(sheng)溫(wen)(wen)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)、升(sheng)(sheng)溫(wen)(wen)速率;設置(zhi)(zhi)目標溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)持續時(shi)(shi)間(jian),并打開抽(chou)水(shui)泵。本實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)中設置(zhi)(zhi)吹(chui)掃時(shi)(shi)間(jian)3min,目標溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)600℃,升(sheng)(sheng)溫(wen)(wen)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)30min,升(sheng)(sheng)溫(wen)(wen)速率20℃/min。熱解(jie)時(shi)(shi)隨著溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)的(de)升(sheng)(sheng)高,熱解(jie)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)壓不斷升(sheng)(sheng)高,熱解(jie)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)流經冷凝(ning)管(guan)(guan)6后,液(ye)相(xiang)部分(fen)收(shou)集至生(sheng)物油(you)收(shou)集杯(bei)7中,氣(qi)(qi)(qi)相(xiang)部分(fen)依次(ci)通過(guo)酒精溶液(ye)10,活性炭吸(xi)(xi)附管(guan)(guan)11,最后通入(ru)盛水(shui)燒杯(bei)中,除去(qu)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體中有害(hai)物質。
(3)對(dui)生(sheng)物油進(jin)行酯化:
具體的(de)(de),將(jiang)(jiang)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)油(you)(you)(you)靜置(zhi)1h,待生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)油(you)(you)(you)中粘稠油(you)(you)(you)相沉(chen)積(ji)下(xia)來后,取(qu)上(shang)層輕(qing)質(zhi)(zhi)水相與(yu)無水乙(yi)醇進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)酯(zhi)(zhi)化(hua)(hua)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying),酯(zhi)(zhi)化(hua)(hua)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)是可逆(ni)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying),而生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)油(you)(you)(you)含有大量(liang)的(de)(de)水分(fen),所以有必要(yao)在(zai)酯(zhi)(zhi)化(hua)(hua)之前對(dui)(dui)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)油(you)(you)(you)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)除水,采(cai)用3a分(fen)子(zi)篩對(dui)(dui)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)油(you)(you)(you)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)除水,然后進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)酯(zhi)(zhi)化(hua)(hua)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying),并且(qie)在(zai)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)過(guo)程中,每隔1h取(qu)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)油(you)(you)(you)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)分(fen)數40%的(de)(de)3a分(fen)子(zi)篩與(yu)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)油(you)(you)(you)混合、攪拌(ban)(ban)、過(guo)濾(lv),共進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)2次(ci)(ci),以促進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)油(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)酯(zhi)(zhi)化(hua)(hua)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)。實驗所采(cai)用的(de)(de)催(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)化(hua)(hua)劑(ji)是酸性陽離子(zi)樹(shu)(shu)脂(zhi),在(zai)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)催(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)化(hua)(hua)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)前,需(xu)要(yao)對(dui)(dui)樹(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)預處(chu)理(li):以0.8mol/l的(de)(de)鹽(yan)酸溶液與(yu)樹(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)攪拌(ban)(ban)混合,每次(ci)(ci)攪拌(ban)(ban)5min然后換(huan)新(xin)鹽(yan)酸溶液進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)攪拌(ban)(ban),共4次(ci)(ci),使na型(xing)離子(zi)轉化(hua)(hua)為(wei)h型(xing),再用無水乙(yi)醇與(yu)樹(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)催(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)化(hua)(hua)劑(ji)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)攪拌(ban)(ban),每次(ci)(ci)5min后換(huan)新(xin)乙(yi)醇溶液繼續攪拌(ban)(ban),共2次(ci)(ci),烘干備用。開(kai)始酯(zhi)(zhi)化(hua)(hua)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)時,將(jiang)(jiang)恒溫水浴鍋(guo)升(sheng)溫到78℃,并開(kai)啟攪拌(ban)(ban)器,以500r/min進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)攪拌(ban)(ban),依次(ci)(ci)將(jiang)(jiang)催(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)化(hua)(hua)劑(ji)、生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)油(you)(you)(you)和無水乙(yi)醇加入容器中,反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)7h,其中催(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)化(hua)(hua)劑(ji)為(wei)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)油(you)(you)(you)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)的(de)(de)15%,無水乙(yi)醇為(wei)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)油(you)(you)(you)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)的(de)(de)30%。反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)結(jie)束后對(dui)(dui)催(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)化(hua)(hua)劑(ji)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)回收;在(zai)酯(zhi)(zhi)化(hua)(hua)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)同(tong)時,將(jiang)(jiang)短(duan)鏈酯(zhi)(zhi)蒸發(fa)氣冷(leng)凝(ning)收集(ji)于短(duan)鏈酯(zhi)(zhi)收集(ji)杯(bei)中。
(4)穩定(ding)燃(ran)燒與降低(di)污(wu)染物排放
具體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de),將(jiang)收集到的(de)(de)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)添加(jia)(jia)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)以(yi)10%、20%的(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)積(ji)占(zhan)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)和柴油(you)(you)摻混(hun)(標定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)轉(zhuan)速下,90%標定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)),混(hun)合(he)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)可(ke)以(yi)在(zai)(zai)內燃(ran)(ran)機(ji)穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)運行(xing)的(de)(de)情況下有效(xiao)的(de)(de)降低尾氣(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)污染(ran)物的(de)(de)排(pai)(pai)(pai)放,但隨著摻混(hun)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)例(li)的(de)(de)增加(jia)(jia),尤其當添加(jia)(jia)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)體(ti)(ti)積(ji)占(zhan)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)20%時(shi)(shi),柴油(you)(you)機(ji)在(zai)(zai)過(guo)熱(re)情況下會出(chu)現功(gong)(gong)率(lv)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)上(shang)的(de)(de)波(bo)動。繼續(xu)提(ti)升(sheng)添加(jia)(jia)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)摻混(hun)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)例(li)至(zhi)(zhi)30%,使(shi)用改造后的(de)(de)柴油(you)(you)機(ji)進(jin)(jin)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)系統(tong),在(zai)(zai)進(jin)(jin)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫度被(bei)加(jia)(jia)熱(re)至(zhi)(zhi)60℃時(shi)(shi),30%體(ti)(ti)積(ji)占(zhan)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)添加(jia)(jia)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)混(hun)合(he)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)可(ke)以(yi)在(zai)(zai)內燃(ran)(ran)機(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)使(shi)用,但內燃(ran)(ran)機(ji)運行(xing)過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)聲(sheng)音沉悶,輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)不再能達到標定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)的(de)(de)90%,且柴油(you)(you)機(ji)運行(xing)時(shi)(shi)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)不穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding),nox排(pai)(pai)(pai)放顯(xian)著降低,而co/hc排(pai)(pai)(pai)放提(ti)升(sheng),在(zai)(zai)進(jin)(jin)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫度被(bei)加(jia)(jia)熱(re)至(zhi)(zhi)80℃時(shi)(shi),30%體(ti)(ti)積(ji)占(zhan)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)添加(jia)(jia)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)混(hun)合(he)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)可(ke)以(yi)在(zai)(zai)內燃(ran)(ran)機(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)正常使(shi)用,上(shang)述問(wen)題大大減輕,對于40%的(de)(de)添加(jia)(jia)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)占(zhan)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi),應(ying)提(ti)前噴(pen)油(you)(you)時(shi)(shi)間,亦可(ke)促進(jin)(jin)混(hun)合(he)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)的(de)(de)穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)燃(ran)(ran)燒,實現柴油(you)(you)機(ji)尾氣(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)nox的(de)(de)減排(pai)(pai)(pai)。
實施例3:
(1)本實(shi)驗中購買(mai)的(de)是白木生物(wu)質顆粒,熱值4000~4300大卡(ka)/kg;將生物(wu)質放(fang)置(zhi)在烘(hong)(hong)箱(xiang)中以104℃進行烘(hong)(hong)干(gan),每隔5h稱量一次,直至(zhi)生物(wu)質質量不再(zai)變化,烘(hong)(hong)干(gan)共計45h。
(2)對生物質進行(xing)熱解:
具體地,熱解準備(bei)階段(duan):安(an)裝耐(nai)溫(wen)陶瓷網,稱量白木(mu)生物質顆粒(li)500g加入(ru)石英管(guan)30中,并對石英管(guan)30進行法蘭密封(feng),然后插入(ru)測溫(wen)熱電偶15,并檢查石英管(guan)30氣(qi)密性:通(tong)入(ru)氮氣(qi)并觀察尾氣(qi)處理瓶(ping)中是否有氣(qi)泡(pao)產生。
檢查裝(zhuang)置(zhi)氣(qi)密性(xing)后連接實驗臺如圖6所示,在(zai)冷凝管(guan)6入口(kou)填(tian)入耐溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)棉以(yi)過(guo)濾顆粒物(wu)(wu),在(zai)活性(xing)炭吸(xi)附管(guan)11出口(kou)及(ji)入口(kou)填(tian)入耐溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)棉,開始熱(re)(re)解時(shi)(shi)調節(jie)氮氣(qi)流(liu)(liu)量(liang)計至合適(shi)大小(實驗中(zhong)(zhong)為0.5l/h),打開熱(re)(re)解爐總電源(yuan)(yuan)、升(sheng)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)電源(yuan)(yuan),設置(zhi)吹(chui)掃時(shi)(shi)間(jian)、吹(chui)掃溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度;設置(zhi)目(mu)標溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度、升(sheng)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)、升(sheng)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)速率(lv);設置(zhi)目(mu)標溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度持續(xu)時(shi)(shi)間(jian),并打開抽(chou)水(shui)泵(beng)。本實驗中(zhong)(zhong)設置(zhi)吹(chui)掃時(shi)(shi)間(jian)3min,目(mu)標溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度630℃,升(sheng)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)30min,升(sheng)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)速率(lv)20℃/min。熱(re)(re)解時(shi)(shi)隨著溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度的升(sheng)高(gao),熱(re)(re)解氣(qi)壓不斷升(sheng)高(gao),熱(re)(re)解氣(qi)流(liu)(liu)經冷凝管(guan)6后,液相部(bu)(bu)分收(shou)(shou)集(ji)至生物(wu)(wu)油(you)收(shou)(shou)集(ji)杯7中(zhong)(zhong),氣(qi)相部(bu)(bu)分依(yi)次通(tong)過(guo)酒精溶液10,活性(xing)炭吸(xi)附管(guan)11,最后通(tong)入盛水(shui)燒杯中(zhong)(zhong),除去氣(qi)體中(zhong)(zhong)有害物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)。
(3)對生物油進行酯化:
具(ju)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),將生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)靜置1h,待(dai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)中(zhong)粘(zhan)稠油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)相沉積(ji)下來后,取上層輕(qing)質(zhi)水(shui)(shui)相與(yu)(yu)(yu)無(wu)水(shui)(shui)乙(yi)(yi)醇進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)酯(zhi)(zhi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying),酯(zhi)(zhi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)是(shi)可逆反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying),而生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)中(zhong)含(han)有大(da)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)分(fen),所(suo)以有必要在酯(zhi)(zhi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)之前對(dui)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)除水(shui)(shui),采(cai)用(yong)3a分(fen)子(zi)(zi)篩對(dui)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)除水(shui)(shui),然(ran)后進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)酯(zhi)(zhi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying),并且(qie)在反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)過程(cheng)中(zhong),每隔1h取生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)質(zhi)量(liang)分(fen)數30%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)3a分(fen)子(zi)(zi)篩與(yu)(yu)(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)混合、攪(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)拌(ban)、過濾,共(gong)(gong)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)2次(ci),以促進(jin)(jin)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)酯(zhi)(zhi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)。實驗(yan)所(suo)采(cai)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)催(cui)(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)(ji)是(shi)酸性陽離子(zi)(zi)樹脂(zhi),在進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)催(cui)(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)前,需要對(dui)樹脂(zhi)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)預處理(li):以1.2mol/l的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鹽酸溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)(ye)與(yu)(yu)(yu)樹脂(zhi)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)攪(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)拌(ban)混合,每次(ci)攪(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)拌(ban)4min然(ran)后換(huan)新(xin)鹽酸溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)(ye)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)攪(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)拌(ban),共(gong)(gong)4次(ci),使(shi)na型(xing)離子(zi)(zi)轉化(hua)(hua)(hua)為h型(xing),再用(yong)無(wu)水(shui)(shui)乙(yi)(yi)醇與(yu)(yu)(yu)樹脂(zhi)催(cui)(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)(ji)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)攪(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)拌(ban),每次(ci)4in后換(huan)新(xin)乙(yi)(yi)醇溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)(ye)繼續攪(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)拌(ban),共(gong)(gong)2次(ci),烘干備用(yong)。開始酯(zhi)(zhi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)時,將恒(heng)溫水(shui)(shui)浴鍋升溫到(dao)79℃,并開啟攪(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)拌(ban)器,以550r/min進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)攪(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)拌(ban),依次(ci)將催(cui)(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)(ji)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)和(he)無(wu)水(shui)(shui)乙(yi)(yi)醇加(jia)入(ru)容(rong)器中(zhong),反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)6h,其(qi)中(zhong)催(cui)(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)(ji)為生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)質(zhi)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)13%,無(wu)水(shui)(shui)乙(yi)(yi)醇為生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)質(zhi)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)25%。反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)結束后對(dui)催(cui)(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)(ji)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)回收;在酯(zhi)(zhi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)時,將短鏈酯(zhi)(zhi)蒸發氣冷凝收集于(yu)短鏈酯(zhi)(zhi)收集杯(bei)中(zhong)。
(4)穩(wen)定燃燒與降低污染物排放(fang)
具(ju)體的,將收集(ji)到的燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)添(tian)加(jia)(jia)劑(ji)(ji)以(yi)(yi)9%、18%的體積(ji)占比(bi)和柴(chai)油(you)(you)摻(chan)混(hun)(hun)(標定(ding)轉速下(xia)(xia),90%標定(ding)功率進(jin)(jin)行功率輸(shu)出(chu)),混(hun)(hun)合(he)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)內燃(ran)(ran)機穩(wen)定(ding)運行的情況下(xia)(xia)有效的降低(di)尾(wei)(wei)氣中(zhong)污染物(wu)的排放(fang),但(dan)隨著摻(chan)混(hun)(hun)比(bi)例(li)的增加(jia)(jia),尤其當(dang)添(tian)加(jia)(jia)劑(ji)(ji)體積(ji)占比(bi)18%時(shi),柴(chai)油(you)(you)機在(zai)(zai)(zai)過(guo)熱情況下(xia)(xia)會出(chu)現功率輸(shu)出(chu)上的波動。繼續(xu)提升(sheng)添(tian)加(jia)(jia)劑(ji)(ji)摻(chan)混(hun)(hun)比(bi)例(li)至27%,使(shi)用改造后(hou)的柴(chai)油(you)(you)機進(jin)(jin)氣系統,在(zai)(zai)(zai)進(jin)(jin)氣溫度被加(jia)(jia)熱至60℃時(shi),27%體積(ji)占比(bi)添(tian)加(jia)(jia)劑(ji)(ji)的混(hun)(hun)合(he)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)內燃(ran)(ran)機中(zhong)使(shi)用,但(dan)內燃(ran)(ran)機運行過(guo)程中(zhong)聲(sheng)音沉悶,輸(shu)出(chu)功率只能(neng)達到標定(ding)功率的80%,且(qie)柴(chai)油(you)(you)機運行時(shi)功率輸(shu)出(chu)不穩(wen)定(ding),nox排放(fang)顯著降低(di),而co/hc排放(fang)提升(sheng),在(zai)(zai)(zai)進(jin)(jin)氣溫度被加(jia)(jia)熱至90℃時(shi),27%體積(ji)占比(bi)添(tian)加(jia)(jia)劑(ji)(ji)的混(hun)(hun)合(he)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)內燃(ran)(ran)機中(zhong)正常使(shi)用,上述問題(ti)大(da)(da)大(da)(da)減(jian)輕,對(dui)于(yu)36%的添(tian)加(jia)(jia)劑(ji)(ji)占比(bi),提前(qian)噴油(you)(you)時(shi)間,亦可(ke)(ke)促進(jin)(jin)混(hun)(hun)合(he)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)的穩(wen)定(ding)燃(ran)(ran)燒(shao),實現柴(chai)油(you)(you)機尾(wei)(wei)氣中(zhong)nox的減(jian)排。
實施例4:
(1)本(ben)實驗中購買的(de)是竹木(mu)生(sheng)物質(zhi)顆粒,熱值3800~4100大卡/kg;將生(sheng)物質(zhi)放(fang)置(zhi)在烘箱中以104℃進(jin)行烘干,每隔6h稱量一次,直至生(sheng)物質(zhi)質(zhi)量不再變化(hua),烘干共計(ji)48h。
(2)對生物質進行熱解:
具體(ti)地,熱解(jie)準備階段:安裝耐溫陶瓷網,稱量竹木生物質(zhi)顆粒500g加入石(shi)英(ying)管30中(zhong),并對(dui)石(shi)英(ying)管30進行法蘭密(mi)封(feng),然后插入測溫熱電偶(ou)15,并檢(jian)查石(shi)英(ying)管30氣密(mi)性:通入氮(dan)氣并觀(guan)察尾(wei)氣處理瓶(ping)中(zhong)是否有氣泡(pao)產生。
檢查裝置(zhi)氣密性(xing)后(hou)連接實驗(yan)臺(tai)如圖6所示(shi),在(zai)(zai)冷(leng)凝(ning)管(guan)6入(ru)口填入(ru)耐溫棉以過濾顆粒物(wu),在(zai)(zai)活性(xing)炭吸附管(guan)11出口及入(ru)口填入(ru)耐溫棉,開始熱(re)解時(shi)調節(jie)氮(dan)氣流量計至合適大小(實驗(yan)中(zhong)為0.3l/h),打開熱(re)解爐總電(dian)源、升溫電(dian)源,設置(zhi)吹掃時(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)、吹掃溫度(du)(du);設置(zhi)目(mu)標溫度(du)(du)、升溫時(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)、升溫速率;設置(zhi)目(mu)標溫度(du)(du)持續時(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian),并打開抽水泵。本實驗(yan)中(zhong)設置(zhi)吹掃時(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)3min,目(mu)標溫度(du)(du)650℃,升溫時(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)25min,升溫速率25℃/min。熱(re)解時(shi)隨著溫度(du)(du)的(de)升高,熱(re)解氣壓(ya)不(bu)斷升高,熱(re)解氣流經冷(leng)凝(ning)管(guan)6后(hou),液相部分收集至生物(wu)油收集杯7中(zhong)。
(3)對生物油進行酯化:
具體的(de)(de),將(jiang)生(sheng)物(wu)油靜置(zhi)1h,待生(sheng)物(wu)油中粘稠油相沉積下來后,取上層輕質水(shui)(shui)(shui)相與無水(shui)(shui)(shui)乙醇(chun)(chun)(chun)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)酯(zhi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)反應,酯(zhi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)反應是可逆反應,而(er)生(sheng)物(wu)油中含有(you)大(da)量的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)分,所(suo)以(yi)有(you)必要在(zai)酯(zhi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)之前對(dui)生(sheng)物(wu)油進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)除水(shui)(shui)(shui),采(cai)用3a分子(zi)篩對(dui)生(sheng)物(wu)油進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)除水(shui)(shui)(shui),然(ran)(ran)后進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)酯(zhi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)反應,并(bing)且在(zai)反應過(guo)程中,每隔1h取生(sheng)物(wu)油質量分數25%的(de)(de)3a分子(zi)篩與生(sheng)物(wu)油混合(he)、攪(jiao)(jiao)拌(ban)(ban)、過(guo)濾,共進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)2次(ci),以(yi)促進(jin)(jin)(jin)生(sheng)物(wu)油的(de)(de)酯(zhi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)反應。實驗所(suo)采(cai)用的(de)(de)催化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)劑是酸性陽離子(zi)樹(shu)脂,在(zai)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)催化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)反應前,需要對(dui)樹(shu)脂進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)預處理:以(yi)1.1mol/l的(de)(de)鹽(yan)酸溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)與樹(shu)脂進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)攪(jiao)(jiao)拌(ban)(ban)混合(he),每次(ci)攪(jiao)(jiao)拌(ban)(ban)5min然(ran)(ran)后換(huan)新鹽(yan)酸溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)攪(jiao)(jiao)拌(ban)(ban),共4次(ci),使na型離子(zi)轉化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)為(wei)h型,再用無水(shui)(shui)(shui)乙醇(chun)(chun)(chun)與樹(shu)脂催化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)劑進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)攪(jiao)(jiao)拌(ban)(ban),每次(ci)5min后換(huan)新乙醇(chun)(chun)(chun)溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)繼(ji)續攪(jiao)(jiao)拌(ban)(ban),共2次(ci),烘(hong)干備用。開始(shi)酯(zhi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)反應時,將(jiang)恒溫(wen)水(shui)(shui)(shui)浴鍋升溫(wen)到78℃,并(bing)開啟攪(jiao)(jiao)拌(ban)(ban)器(qi),以(yi)550r/min進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)攪(jiao)(jiao)拌(ban)(ban),依次(ci)將(jiang)催化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)劑、生(sheng)物(wu)油和無水(shui)(shui)(shui)乙醇(chun)(chun)(chun)加入容器(qi)中,反應5h,其中催化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)劑為(wei)生(sheng)物(wu)油質量的(de)(de)10%,無水(shui)(shui)(shui)乙醇(chun)(chun)(chun)為(wei)生(sheng)物(wu)油質量的(de)(de)20%。反應結(jie)束(shu)后對(dui)催化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)劑進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)回收(shou)(shou);在(zai)酯(zhi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)反應進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)同時,將(jiang)短鏈酯(zhi)蒸(zheng)發氣冷凝收(shou)(shou)集于短鏈酯(zhi)收(shou)(shou)集杯中。
(4)穩定燃燒與降(jiang)低污染物排放
具體(ti)的(de),將收集(ji)到的(de)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)添加(jia)劑(ji)以8%、16%的(de)體(ti)積占比(bi)(bi)和柴(chai)油(you)(you)摻混(標定(ding)(ding)轉速下(xia)(xia),90%標定(ding)(ding)功率進(jin)行(xing)功率輸(shu)出),混合燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)可(ke)以在(zai)內燃(ran)(ran)(ran)機(ji)穩定(ding)(ding)運行(xing)的(de)情況下(xia)(xia)有(you)效(xiao)的(de)降(jiang)低尾(wei)氣(qi)中污染(ran)物的(de)排放。繼續提(ti)升添加(jia)劑(ji)摻混比(bi)(bi)例至24%,使用改造(zao)后的(de)柴(chai)油(you)(you)機(ji)進(jin)氣(qi)系統(tong),在(zai)進(jin)氣(qi)溫度被加(jia)熱至70℃時,24%體(ti)積占比(bi)(bi)添加(jia)劑(ji)的(de)混合燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)可(ke)以在(zai)內燃(ran)(ran)(ran)機(ji)中使用nox排放顯(xian)(xian)著(zhu)降(jiang)低,而co/hc排放提(ti)升不明顯(xian)(xian),32%的(de)添加(jia)劑(ji)占比(bi)(bi),提(ti)前噴油(you)(you)時間(jian),亦可(ke)促進(jin)混合燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)的(de)穩定(ding)(ding)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)燒(shao),實現柴(chai)油(you)(you)機(ji)尾(wei)氣(qi)中污染(ran)物的(de)減排。