本發明涉(she)及土(tu)木(mu)工程施(shi)工領域，特別涉(she)及一(yi)種樁基的施(shi)工方法(fa)。

背景技術：

在建(jian)(jian)筑工(gong)程領域中(zhong)(zhong)，預(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)制(zhi)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)是(shi)目前(qian)(qian)地(di)(di)(di)基(ji)處理(li)中(zhong)(zhong)經常(chang)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一種(zhong)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)型，特別是(shi)預(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)應力(li)管樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)，因其(qi)(qi)質(zhi)量(liang)可(ke)控(kong)、價(jia)格低廉等(deng)特點(dian)(dian)發展(zhan)極(ji)為迅速，社會需求量(liang)極(ji)大(da)，在全(quan)國(guo)各大(da)中(zhong)(zhong)城市都有(you)(you)(you)(you)廠家(jia)生產。目前(qian)(qian)預(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)應力(li)管樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)在國(guo)內主要(yao)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)柴油錘(chui)擊打和(he)(he)靜壓(ya)(ya)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)靜壓(ya)(ya)兩(liang)種(zhong)方式，將(jiang)管樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)強(qiang)行打入(ru)(ru)地(di)(di)(di)基(ji)土(tu)(tu)體(ti)中(zhong)(zhong)，其(qi)(qi)優點(dian)(dian)是(shi)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)速度快費用(yong)(yong)(yong)較低，其(qi)(qi)缺(que)點(dian)(dian)是(shi)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)過(guo)程完全(quan)是(shi)硬碰硬的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)較量(liang)，極(ji)易造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)身(shen)(shen)受(shou)損(sun)嚴(yan)(yan)重(zhong)，尤其(qi)(qi)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)柴油錘(chui)錘(chui)擊法時(shi)，樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)身(shen)(shen)應力(li)波傳遞過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)產生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)拉應力(li)常(chang)常(chang)將(jiang)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)身(shen)(shen)混(hun)凝土(tu)(tu)拉裂(lie)，再遇有(you)(you)(you)(you)硬塑粘土(tu)(tu)、夾層粉(fen)土(tu)(tu)、粉(fen)砂(sha)及卵(luan)石土(tu)(tu)層時(shi)入(ru)(ru)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)更加困難(nan)，在必須(xu)要(yao)達(da)到設計樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)長按圖施(shi)(shi)工(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)強(qiang)制(zhi)條件下(xia)，增大(da)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)配(pei)重(zhong)或(huo)者(zhe)加大(da)錘(chui)重(zhong)是(shi)唯一解(jie)(jie)決(jue)辦法，當采用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)和(he)(he)動能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)量(liang)超出(chu)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)身(shen)(shen)能(neng)夠承受(shou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)強(qiang)度時(shi)，勢必造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)頭的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)破(po)碎和(he)(he)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)身(shen)(shen)產生橫豎交錯(cuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)裂(lie)紋，這種(zhong)受(shou)損(sun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)預(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)制(zhi)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)在有(you)(you)(you)(you)地(di)(di)(di)下(xia)水或(huo)腐蝕(shi)(shi)礦物(wu)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況下(xia)，必將(jiang)造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)預(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)應力(li)筋(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銹蝕(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)混(hun)凝土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)破(po)壞！已有(you)(you)(you)(you)報道(dao)顯(xian)(xian)示，中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)建(jian)(jian)筑科(ke)學(xue)研究院對十五年前(qian)(qian)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)基(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)預(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)應力(li)管樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)進(jin)行開挖，現(xian)狀顯(xian)(xian)示樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)身(shen)(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)損(sun)壞和(he)(he)銹蝕(shi)(shi)程度已極(ji)為嚴(yan)(yan)重(zhong)，如果遇到地(di)(di)(di)震(zhen)時(shi)其(qi)(qi)后果將(jiang)不堪(kan)設想。因此，無論是(shi)什么預(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)制(zhi)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)都要(yao)承受(shou)上部(bu)傳來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)荷載傳入(ru)(ru)地(di)(di)(di)基(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)，但是(shi)一個預(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)制(zhi)構件應當輕(qing)(qing)拿輕(qing)(qing)放確保其(qi)(qi)本身(shen)(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)完整性。預(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)應力(li)管樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)是(shi)日(ri)本人發明(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，在六七十年代也(ye)是(shi)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)打和(he)(he)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)辦法施(shi)(shi)工(gong)，在經常(chang)地(di)(di)(di)震(zhen)造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)房屋倒塌(ta)后，其(qi)(qi)發現(xian)是(shi)因野蠻施(shi)(shi)工(gong)造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)預(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)制(zhi)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)身(shen)(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)裂(lie)紋與腐蝕(shi)(shi)，即樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)身(shen)(shen)受(shou)損(sun)嚴(yan)(yan)重(zhong)從而造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)了質(zhi)量(liang)問題影響了建(jian)(jian)筑物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)壽命，因此其(qi)(qi)后日(ri)本又出(chu)現(xian)置(zhi)入(ru)(ru)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)方法，即采用(yong)(yong)(yong)大(da)型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)噴攪設備將(jiang)地(di)(di)(di)基(ji)土(tu)(tu)攪成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)水泥土(tu)(tu)粥(zhou)狀，達(da)到設計深度和(he)(he)直徑后再將(jiang)預(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)制(zhi)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)入(ru)(ru)其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)。但是(shi)其(qi)(qi)設備的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)造(zao)(zao)價(jia)昂貴(gui)，并且(qie)該方法的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)效很低施(shi)(shi)工(gong)速度較慢。因此，需要(yao)一種(zhong)既(ji)經濟又有(you)(you)(you)(you)良好效果的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)預(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)應力(li)管樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)方法，來(lai)解(jie)(jie)決(jue)上述問題。

技術實現要素：

本申(shen)請(qing)針(zhen)對上面提到的一系(xi)列(lie)問(wen)題，擬提供一種樁(zhuang)(zhuang)基(ji)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)的優化(hua)方案，該(gai)(gai)方案主要針(zhen)對預應(ying)力(li)管(guan)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)的應(ying)用，不僅能夠快速有效(xiao)的完成預應(ying)力(li)管(guan)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)的施(shi)工(gong)(gong)，并(bing)且(qie)充分保證在施(shi)工(gong)(gong)過程中(zhong)管(guan)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)身的完好和(he)完整，還在樁(zhuang)(zhuang)底端加以載(zai)體大幅(fu)度提高樁(zhuang)(zhuang)的承載(zai)能力(li)，最后該(gai)(gai)方案的施(shi)工(gong)(gong)效(xiao)果優良且(qie)成本較低。

本申請的技術方(fang)案為，一種(zhong)樁(zhuang)基的施工方(fang)法，其特征在于(yu)，包(bao)括如下(xia)步驟：

（1）在樁位處，以振動、錘擊、靜壓(ya)的方式之一，將帶有注(zhu)漿(jiang)(jiang)管(guan)和(he)多個噴嘴的成孔套管(guan)在地基(ji)土體中沉入(ru)，遇到較硬土層時(shi)向注(zhu)漿(jiang)(jiang)管(guan)內注(zhu)入(ru)水泥漿(jiang)(jiang)液(ye)或水噴射潤(run)滑(hua)周圍(wei)土體，直(zhi)至將成孔套管(guan)深入(ru)至設(she)定深度(du)；

（2）在成孔套管(guan)中植入(ru)(ru)預應力混(hun)凝(ning)土管(guan)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)后(hou)施工樁(zhuang)(zhuang)端(duan)載(zai)體，所(suo)述(shu)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)端(duan)載(zai)體的(de)施工方(fang)法(fa)是，在預應力混(hun)凝(ning)土管(guan)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)中心孔內(nei)插入(ru)(ru)細長夯錘(chui)或者先插入(ru)(ru)另一保護套管(guan)后(hou)再插入(ru)(ru)細長夯錘(chui)，向中心孔或保護套管(guan)內(nei)填(tian)入(ru)(ru)由水泥和砂拌合的(de)填(tian)充料，并利用細長夯錘(chui)對填(tian)充料進(jin)行(xing)夯實(shi)(shi)擠密，經反復填(tian)料夯實(shi)(shi)后(hou)以三擊貫(guan)入(ru)(ru)度(du)或預設(she)的(de)填(tian)料量為(wei)標準控(kong)制密實(shi)(shi)度(du)，從而在樁(zhuang)(zhuang)底(di)端(duan)形成載(zai)體；

或者，在成(cheng)孔套(tao)管(guan)(guan)中施工樁端(duan)載(zai)體后再植入預(yu)應(ying)力混凝土管(guan)(guan)樁，所述(shu)樁端(duan)載(zai)體的(de)(de)(de)施工方法是，在成(cheng)孔套(tao)管(guan)(guan)內插入細長(chang)夯(hang)(hang)錘，通過成(cheng)孔套(tao)管(guan)(guan)和細長(chang)夯(hang)(hang)錘的(de)(de)(de)間(jian)隙向成(cheng)孔套(tao)管(guan)(guan)內填(tian)(tian)入由水泥和砂拌合的(de)(de)(de)填(tian)(tian)充料，并利用(yong)細長(chang)夯(hang)(hang)錘對填(tian)(tian)充料進(jin)行夯(hang)(hang)實擠密(mi)，經反(fan)復填(tian)(tian)料夯(hang)(hang)實后以三擊貫入度或預(yu)設的(de)(de)(de)填(tian)(tian)料量(liang)為標準(zhun)控制密(mi)實度，從而在樁底端(duan)形成(cheng)載(zai)體；

（3）上提成孔套管，在上提過程中(zhong)向(xiang)注漿管中(zhong)注入水泥漿液(ye)并通過噴(pen)嘴形成射(she)流向(xiang)周圍土(tu)體(ti)(ti)噴(pen)射(she)，使(shi)水泥漿液(ye)填滿預(yu)應力混凝土(tu)管樁與側壁土(tu)體(ti)(ti)之間空隙并固化(hua)地基土(tu)體(ti)(ti)；

（4）將成(cheng)(cheng)孔套管(guan)提出地表成(cheng)(cheng)樁。

上述方法的步驟（1）中，成孔套管的外壁固定(ding)有(you)二根以上的注漿(jiang)管，其下部(bu)或\和底部(bu)設有(you)與(yu)注漿(jiang)管連通的多(duo)個豎向噴(pen)嘴(zui)或\和橫向噴(pen)嘴(zui)，以利于(yu)噴(pen)射的均勻性(xing)。

上述豎向噴(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)嘴或(huo)\和橫向噴(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)嘴分(fen)別(bie)與不同的(de)注(zhu)漿管(guan)相連通(tong)，且注(zhu)漿管(guan)分(fen)別(bie)設有(you)控制(zhi)開關，能夠控制(zhi)豎向噴(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)嘴或(huo)\和橫向噴(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)嘴單(dan)獨噴(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)射或(huo)同時噴(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)射，以便于根據土質的(de)變化進行噴(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)射角度方(fang)向的(de)調整。

上述(shu)方法(fa)的步驟（1）中(zhong)，在(zai)(zai)將(jiang)(jiang)成孔套管(guan)在(zai)(zai)地基土體(ti)中(zhong)沉入之(zhi)前，通過(guo)螺旋鉆引孔或(huo)者重錘沖擊成孔或(huo)者旋挖鉆取土成孔的方式，在(zai)(zai)地基土體(ti)中(zhong)預先形成樁(zhuang)孔后，再將(jiang)(jiang)成孔套管(guan)沉入到樁(zhuang)孔之(zhi)內，特別(bie)在(zai)(zai)地下水含量小(xiao)的土層中(zhong)適(shi)用。

上(shang)述方法的步驟（1）中(zhong)，在將(jiang)(jiang)成(cheng)(cheng)孔套(tao)管在地基土體中(zhong)沉(chen)入(ru)之前，通過高壓旋噴或深(shen)層攪拌的方式，或者將(jiang)(jiang)樁(zhuang)位(wei)處地基土體取(qu)出后加入(ru)水(shui)泥攪拌再填回原樁(zhuang)孔中(zhong)，在地基中(zhong)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)水(shui)泥土樁(zhuang)后，再將(jiang)(jiang)成(cheng)(cheng)孔套(tao)管沉(chen)入(ru)到(dao)水(shui)泥土樁(zhuang)身之內，特(te)別在地下水(shui)含量較大(da)的土層或者夾有砂(sha)層的土層中(zhong)適用。

上述方(fang)法的步(bu)驟(zou)（1）中(zhong)，將成(cheng)孔(kong)套(tao)管(guan)在地基土體中(zhong)沉入時，其底端設(she)有預(yu)制樁尖(jian)或者活瓣(ban)樁尖(jian)，或者采用封堵(du)底板封閉，以避免成(cheng)孔(kong)過(guo)程中(zhong)土體進入到(dao)成(cheng)孔(kong)套(tao)管(guan)中(zhong)，成(cheng)孔(kong)套(tao)管(guan)沉入到(dao)設(she)定深度(du)后，向外打開活瓣(ban)樁尖(jian)，或者通過(guo)外力(li)使預(yu)制樁尖(jian)或者封堵(du)底板與成(cheng)孔(kong)套(tao)管(guan)底部脫開，以利于下一工(gong)序施工(gong)。

上述(shu)方法(fa)的步驟（1）和(he)步驟（3）中，水泥漿液的材料包括水泥或\和(he)砂或\和(he)粉煤灰(hui)。

上述方(fang)法的步驟（1）中(zhong)，振動(dong)方(fang)式包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)采用振動(dong)頭和液(ye)壓(ya)卡鉗的組合，錘擊方(fang)式包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)采用夯擊重錘、柴油錘、液(ye)壓(ya)錘。

上(shang)述(shu)方法的步驟（2）中(zhong)，施工樁(zhuang)端載體后再植(zhi)入預應力混(hun)凝土管(guan)樁(zhuang)，該預應力混(hun)凝土管(guan)樁(zhuang)能夠采(cai)用預制(zhi)的鋼筋混(hun)凝土樁(zhuang)或者現澆(jiao)鋼筋混(hun)凝土樁(zhuang)替(ti)代。

上述方法的步驟（2）中，樁端載體的工序視地質條(tiao)件和(he)設計要(yao)求能夠省略，即(ji)在(zai)成孔套(tao)管中植入預應(ying)力混凝土(tu)管樁后直接進行步驟（3），特別適(shi)用于對樁的承(cheng)載能力要(yao)求較低的建筑。

上述方法的(de)步(bu)驟（2）中，三(san)擊(ji)(ji)貫入(ru)度或者填(tian)(tian)料(liao)(liao)量(liang)，是由施工設備自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)測(ce)量(liang)、控(kong)制和(he)記錄的(de)，該施工設備包括自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)填(tian)(tian)料(liao)(liao)裝置(zhi)、自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)夯擊(ji)(ji)控(kong)制裝置(zhi)、三(san)擊(ji)(ji)貫入(ru)度自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)測(ce)量(liang)裝置(zhi)，自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)填(tian)(tian)料(liao)(liao)裝置(zhi)將填(tian)(tian)料(liao)(liao)分次的(de)、定量(liang)的(de)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)填(tian)(tian)入(ru)到護筒(tong)中；自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)夯擊(ji)(ji)控(kong)制裝置(zhi)控(kong)制主卷(juan)楊機按照人工預設或程序自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)計算的(de)高度自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)提升夯錘，與自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)填(tian)(tian)料(liao)(liao)裝置(zhi)配(pei)合對每(mei)(mei)次的(de)填(tian)(tian)料(liao)(liao)進行(xing)夯擊(ji)(ji)；三(san)擊(ji)(ji)貫入(ru)度自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)測(ce)量(liang)裝置(zhi)對夯錘每(mei)(mei)一次下落夯擊(ji)(ji)后的(de)貫入(ru)度數值進行(xing)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)測(ce)量(liang)并記錄。

上述方法的步驟(zou)（3）中，噴射過(guo)程能(neng)夠根據地基中的土層性質(zhi)和變(bian)化進行調整控(kong)制。

上述方法的(de)步驟（1）至(zhi)步驟（4）是通(tong)過多臺施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)機(ji)具進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)交替流水(shui)作業完成(cheng)的(de)，即采用專(zhuan)門(men)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)機(ji)具分別完成(cheng)相(xiang)對(dui)應的(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序(xu)(xu)，即成(cheng)孔設(she)備專(zhuan)門(men)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)樁(zhuang)身成(cheng)孔施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、夯擊設(she)備專(zhuan)門(men)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)樁(zhuang)端載體施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、沉樁(zhuang)設(she)備專(zhuan)門(men)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)沉入預(yu)制樁(zhuang)身施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、注(zhu)漿(jiang)和(he)提護筒設(she)備專(zhuan)門(men)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)注(zhu)漿(jiang)和(he)上提護筒施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，每臺專(zhuan)門(men)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)機(ji)具完成(cheng)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)樁(zhuang)位處的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序(xu)(xu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)后移(yi)動(dong)至(zhi)下(xia)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)樁(zhuang)位處繼(ji)續進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)相(xiang)同(tong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序(xu)(xu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，如此(ci)交替配合(he)流水(shui)作業，直到完成(cheng)整個(ge)(ge)場區內的(de)全部樁(zhuang)的(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。

本發(fa)明的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)方法(fa)(fa)具備如下(xia)技術特(te)點和(he)(he)(he)優勢：①預(yu)(yu)制(zhi)(zhi)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)身(shen)(shen)(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)即不是打入(ru)也(ye)不是壓入(ru)土(tu)(tu)體(ti)(ti)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，而是全部(bu)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)了(le)小心(xin)放(fang)(fang)入(ru)保護套筒中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方式(shi)，將原來硬碰硬的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)野蠻操(cao)作(zuo)變為輕(qing)拿輕(qing)放(fang)(fang)，因此整個的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)均(jun)(jun)根本上(shang)避免了(le)預(yu)(yu)制(zhi)(zhi)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)身(shen)(shen)(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)損傷，排(pai)除了(le)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)頭破碎(sui)(sui)、樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)身(shen)(shen)(shen)產生裂(lie)紋(wen)等質(zhi)量隱(yin)患；②通(tong)過(guo)特(te)別設(she)(she)計的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成孔(kong)套管(guan)(guan)和(he)(he)(he)注(zhu)漿(jiang)裝置，在(zai)(zai)(zai)成孔(kong)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)即使(shi)(shi)(shi)遇(yu)到了(le)如砂層等不利成孔(kong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)較(jiao)硬土(tu)(tu)層，能夠(gou)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)注(zhu)漿(jiang)噴(pen)(pen)射的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方法(fa)(fa)使(shi)(shi)(shi)水(shui)泥漿(jiang)液噴(pen)(pen)射土(tu)(tu)體(ti)(ti)，起到了(le)沖擊破碎(sui)(sui)土(tu)(tu)體(ti)(ti)和(he)(he)(he)潤滑降(jiang)(jiang)溫的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雙重作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)，使(shi)(shi)(shi)成孔(kong)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)高效、迅(xun)速(su)，還(huan)可視土(tu)(tu)質(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)設(she)(she)計要求采用(yong)(yong)(yong)取(qu)土(tu)(tu)法(fa)(fa)、排(pai)土(tu)(tu)法(fa)(fa)、攪(jiao)拌(ban)法(fa)(fa)、置換法(fa)(fa)等多(duo)種方式(shi)先成孔(kong)再沉管(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)靈活操(cao)作(zuo)；③同樣(yang)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)完成放(fang)(fang)入(ru)預(yu)(yu)制(zhi)(zhi)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)身(shen)(shen)(shen)操(cao)作(zuo)后(hou)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)上(shang)提(ti)(ti)(ti)成孔(kong)套管(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)，也(ye)能夠(gou)視樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)身(shen)(shen)(shen)周圍土(tu)(tu)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況進(jin)行注(zhu)漿(jiang)噴(pen)(pen)射操(cao)作(zuo)，一是使(shi)(shi)(shi)成孔(kong)套管(guan)(guan)容(rong)易提(ti)(ti)(ti)出，二(er)是使(shi)(shi)(shi)水(shui)泥漿(jiang)液填滿預(yu)(yu)制(zhi)(zhi)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)身(shen)(shen)(shen)與側(ce)壁土(tu)(tu)體(ti)(ti)之(zhi)間空隙，三是有(you)效固化、硬化周圍地基(ji)土(tu)(tu)體(ti)(ti)，起到了(le)一舉多(duo)得、事(shi)半功倍的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)良好效果和(he)(he)(he)積極作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)；④在(zai)(zai)(zai)普通(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)預(yu)(yu)應力管(guan)(guan)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎上(shang)，通(tong)過(guo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)端加(jia)設(she)(she)載(zai)體(ti)(ti)，使(shi)(shi)(shi)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)端以下(xia)深度(du)(du)3～5米，直(zhi)徑2～3米范圍內的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)體(ti)(ti)被擠密，實現載(zai)體(ti)(ti)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)等效計算面(mian)積Ae，使(shi)(shi)(shi)得樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)承(cheng)載(zai)力大幅提(ti)(ti)(ti)升，同時(shi)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)端載(zai)體(ti)(ti)可以設(she)(she)在(zai)(zai)(zai)地基(ji)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)淺部(bu)土(tu)(tu)層，因此可有(you)效縮短樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)長度(du)(du)降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)費用(yong)(yong)(yong)；⑤在(zai)(zai)(zai)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)端加(jia)設(she)(she)載(zai)體(ti)(ti)可選(xuan)擇在(zai)(zai)(zai)預(yu)(yu)制(zhi)(zhi)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)身(shen)(shen)(shen)放(fang)(fang)入(ru)前，也(ye)可以選(xuan)擇在(zai)(zai)(zai)預(yu)(yu)制(zhi)(zhi)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)身(shen)(shen)(shen)放(fang)(fang)入(ru)之(zhi)后(hou)，同時(shi)載(zai)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)可選(xuan)擇填料量、貫(guan)入(ru)度(du)(du)等多(duo)種方式(shi)，使(shi)(shi)(shi)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)更加(jia)靈活，也(ye)使(shi)(shi)(shi)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)適(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)范圍更加(jia)廣泛(fan)；⑥對施(shi)工(gong)(gong)機具的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要求較(jiao)低(di)，且施(shi)工(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)可選(xuan)擇多(duo)臺施(shi)工(gong)(gong)機具進(jin)行交替流水(shui)作(zuo)業(ye)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)提(ti)(ti)(ti)高施(shi)工(gong)(gong)效率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同時(shi)降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)成本；⑦顯著提(ti)(ti)(ti)高原預(yu)(yu)制(zhi)(zhi)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)適(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)范圍，在(zai)(zai)(zai)軟(ruan)土(tu)(tu)、硬層、夾層、含水(shui)量高等各(ge)種地質(zhi)條(tiao)件和(he)(he)(he)基(ji)礎形式(shi)下(xia)均(jun)(jun)可適(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。

附圖說明

圖(tu)(tu)1是本發明的(de)(de)(de)施工方法的(de)(de)(de)第一(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)實施例(li)的(de)(de)(de)工序示(shi)(shi)意(yi)圖(tu)(tu)；圖(tu)(tu)2是本發明的(de)(de)(de)施工方法的(de)(de)(de)第二(er)個(ge)(ge)(ge)實施例(li)的(de)(de)(de)工序示(shi)(shi)意(yi)圖(tu)(tu)；圖(tu)(tu)3是本發明的(de)(de)(de)施工方法的(de)(de)(de)第三個(ge)(ge)(ge)實施例(li)的(de)(de)(de)工序示(shi)(shi)意(yi)圖(tu)(tu)。

具體實施方式

現結合附圖和(he)具(ju)體工程案例(li)對本發明的技(ji)術方案進行說明。

工程案例1：天津市東麗區某廠整體搬遷項目，根據地質鉆探結果，各巖土層的分布特點及物理力學性質分述如下：①填土層，厚度0.5~5.0m，壓縮模量(Mpa) 5.33；②粘土，厚度0.70～2.50m，承載力特征值100kPa；③₁淤泥質粘土，厚度1.7～7.0m，承載力特征值70kPa；③₂淤泥質，厚度1.7～7.2m，承載力特征值90kPa；③₃粉質粘土，厚度1.0～6.8m，承載力特征值115kPa；③₄粉細砂，厚度0.3～4.5m，承載力特征值130kPa；④粉質粘土，厚度0.2～5.1m，承載力特征值140kPa；⑤₁粉土，厚度1.9～6.5m，承載力特征值180kPa；⑤₂粉質粘土，厚度0.3～5.0m，承載力特征值150kPa；⑤₃粉(fen)土厚度2.0～6.0m，承載力特征值200kPa；勘察(cha)期間靜止水(shui)(shui)(shui)位(wei)埋(mai)深2.0～2.4m，絕對標高0.93～1.70m，屬孔隙潛水(shui)(shui)(shui)；據區域水(shui)(shui)(shui)文地質資(zi)料，地下水(shui)(shui)(shui)年變化幅度1.0m左右。

根據該工(gong)程地質條件及上部結構(gou)情況，為(wei)降低成(cheng)本和滿足受力(li)(li)(li)(li)要求，設(she)(she)計方案采用預應力(li)(li)(li)(li)管(guan)樁(zhuang)加載(zai)體(ti)樁(zhuang)基(ji)礎，設(she)(she)計參數為(wei)：樁(zhuang)徑400mm，樁(zhuang)長20m，單樁(zhuang)承(cheng)載(zai)力(li)(li)(li)(li)特征值1200KN，樁(zhuang)身采用預應力(li)(li)(li)(li)管(guan)樁(zhuang)PHC A400（80），樁(zhuang)端(duan)持力(li)(li)(li)(li)層為(wei)第(di)⑤1層粉土，設(she)(she)三(san)擊貫入度不(bu)大于10cm。

具體施工方法為：首先，如圖1中a所示，將直徑為430mm、長度為20.5m的成孔套管1對準樁位點，成孔套管1的外壁固定有二根注漿管2，成孔套管1的底部設有分別與二根注漿管2連通的環形管，其中一根環形管上設有多個豎向噴嘴3，另一根環形管上設有多個橫向噴嘴4，二根注漿管2上端均設有控制開關5，能夠控制豎向噴嘴3和橫向噴嘴4單獨噴射或同時噴射，成孔套管1的底端帶有封堵底板6，采用液壓卡鉗夾持成孔套管1的上口，通過液壓卡鉗上端的振動錘的振動并下壓，使成孔套管1逐漸在地基土體中沉入；然后，如圖1中b所示，當成孔套管1的底端進入到第③₄粉細砂土層時，由于土層較硬且越振動越密實，因此沉管過程困難，此時向注漿管2內高壓注入水泥漿液7并打開全部控制開關5，使水泥漿液通過豎向噴嘴3和橫向噴嘴4對周圍土體進行雙方向噴射，沖擊并潤滑土體使沉管順利，當穿過第③₄粉細砂土(tu)(tu)層(ceng)后(hou)(hou)，可關閉(bi)控制開關5停止注(zhu)入(ru)水泥漿液，繼續振動(dong)直(zhi)(zhi)至將(jiang)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)孔(kong)(kong)套管(guan)(guan)1深(shen)入(ru)至20m設定深(shen)度；然后(hou)(hou)，如(ru)(ru)圖1中c所示(shi)，通(tong)過吊車吊起預(yu)應(ying)(ying)力(li)混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)管(guan)(guan)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)8，對準成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)孔(kong)(kong)套管(guan)(guan)1的(de)(de)(de)中心后(hou)(hou)將(jiang)預(yu)應(ying)(ying)力(li)混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)管(guan)(guan)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)8插(cha)入(ru)至成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)孔(kong)(kong)套管(guan)(guan)1內(nei)(nei)；然后(hou)(hou)，如(ru)(ru)圖1中d所示(shi)，在預(yu)應(ying)(ying)力(li)混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)管(guan)(guan)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)8的(de)(de)(de)中心孔(kong)(kong)內(nei)(nei)插(cha)入(ru)直(zhi)(zhi)徑為180mm的(de)(de)(de)細長形(xing)夯錘(chui)(chui)9，提升夯錘(chui)(chui)9后(hou)(hou)自由(you)下(xia)落(luo)將(jiang)封堵底(di)板6擊離成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)孔(kong)(kong)套管(guan)(guan)1底(di)端(duan)，再一邊向(xiang)(xiang)預(yu)應(ying)(ying)力(li)混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)管(guan)(guan)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)8的(de)(de)(de)中心孔(kong)(kong)內(nei)(nei)填入(ru)由(you)水泥和砂拌合的(de)(de)(de)填充(chong)料(liao)10，一邊利用夯錘(chui)(chui)9對填充(chong)料(liao)10進行夯實擠密，在此過程(cheng)中夯錘(chui)(chui)9始(shi)終不提出(chu)中心孔(kong)(kong)；然后(hou)(hou)，如(ru)(ru)圖1中e所示(shi)，經反復填料(liao)夯實后(hou)(hou)測(ce)量夯錘(chui)(chui)9空(kong)打(da)三擊的(de)(de)(de)貫(guan)入(ru)度，貫(guan)入(ru)度滿足不大于10mm要求時，在樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)底(di)端(duan)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)由(you)擠密的(de)(de)(de)填充(chong)料(liao)10和影響(xiang)土(tu)(tu)體(ti)11組成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)載(zai)體(ti)；然后(hou)(hou)，如(ru)(ru)圖1中f所示(shi)，利用液壓(ya)卡(ka)鉗夾持成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)孔(kong)(kong)套管(guan)(guan)1并向(xiang)(xiang)上提升，同(tong)時向(xiang)(xiang)注(zhu)漿管(guan)(guan)2內(nei)(nei)高壓(ya)注(zhu)入(ru)水泥漿液7并打(da)開全部控制開關5，使(shi)(shi)水泥漿液7通(tong)過豎向(xiang)(xiang)噴嘴3和橫向(xiang)(xiang)噴嘴4對周(zhou)圍土(tu)(tu)體(ti)進行雙方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)噴射，使(shi)(shi)水泥漿液7填滿預(yu)應(ying)(ying)力(li)混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)管(guan)(guan)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)7與側壁(bi)土(tu)(tu)體(ti)之間(jian)空(kong)隙并固化地(di)基(ji)土(tu)(tu)體(ti)；最后(hou)(hou)，如(ru)(ru)圖1中g所示(shi)，持續進行上提成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)孔(kong)(kong)套管(guan)(guan)1和高壓(ya)注(zhu)漿操作，直(zhi)(zhi)至將(jiang)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)孔(kong)(kong)套管(guan)(guan)1提出(chu)地(di)表(biao)，完(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)該根(gen)載(zai)體(ti)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)。

工程(cheng)案例2：吉林省松原市(shi)某新建生物(wu)制油項(xiang)目，根據地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)鉆探結果，各(ge)巖(yan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的分(fen)(fen)布特點及物(wu)理力學性質(zhi)分(fen)(fen)述如下：①素填土(tu)(tu)(tu)：黃褐色(se)(se)，稍濕(shi)，松散，主要成分(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)細砂(sha)(sha)，層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)厚(hou)(hou)為(wei)(wei)0.5～1.1m，為(wei)(wei)近一年(nian)內(nei)人(ren)工填土(tu)(tu)(tu)；②粉(fen)(fen)質(zhi)黏土(tu)(tu)(tu)夾(jia)(jia)(jia)砂(sha)(sha)：黃褐色(se)(se)，可塑(su)偏(pian)軟狀(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)，在場(chang)(chang)(chang)地(di)(di)(di)局(ju)部(bu)(bu)地(di)(di)(di)段發育(yu)，層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)厚(hou)(hou)為(wei)(wei)0.6～0.7m，屬(shu)于(yu)第四(si)(si)(si)系(xi)(xi)(xi)沉(chen)積(ji)相(xiang)地(di)(di)(di)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)；③細砂(sha)(sha)夾(jia)(jia)(jia)土(tu)(tu)(tu)：黃褐色(se)(se)，濕(shi)-飽(bao)和(he)，稍密(mi)-中(zhong)(zhong)密(mi)狀(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)，礦(kuang)物(wu)以石(shi)(shi)英、長(chang)(chang)石(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)主，局(ju)部(bu)(bu)含粉(fen)(fen)質(zhi)黏土(tu)(tu)(tu)、粉(fen)(fen)土(tu)(tu)(tu)成分(fen)(fen)，該層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)在場(chang)(chang)(chang)地(di)(di)(di)中(zhong)(zhong)普(pu)(pu)遍(bian)發育(yu)，層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)厚(hou)(hou)為(wei)(wei)4.4～5.4m，屬(shu)于(yu)第四(si)(si)(si)系(xi)(xi)(xi)沖(chong)積(ji)相(xiang)地(di)(di)(di)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)；④中(zhong)(zhong)砂(sha)(sha)：褐灰(hui)(hui)色(se)(se)，飽(bao)和(he)，礦(kuang)物(wu)以石(shi)(shi)英、長(chang)(chang)石(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)主，中(zhong)(zhong)密(mi)狀(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)，揭露(lu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)厚(hou)(hou)為(wei)(wei)3.1～4.3m，屬(shu)于(yu)第四(si)(si)(si)系(xi)(xi)(xi)沖(chong)積(ji)相(xiang)地(di)(di)(di)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)；⑤粉(fen)(fen)質(zhi)黏土(tu)(tu)(tu)夾(jia)(jia)(jia)砂(sha)(sha)：灰(hui)(hui)色(se)(se)，可塑(su)狀(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)，壓縮性中(zhong)(zhong)等(deng)，局(ju)部(bu)(bu)夾(jia)(jia)(jia)較多粉(fen)(fen)細砂(sha)(sha)。層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)厚(hou)(hou)為(wei)(wei)0.4～1.2m左右，該層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)在場(chang)(chang)(chang)地(di)(di)(di)中(zhong)(zhong)局(ju)部(bu)(bu)地(di)(di)(di)段缺失，屬(shu)于(yu)第四(si)(si)(si)系(xi)(xi)(xi)沉(chen)積(ji)相(xiang)地(di)(di)(di)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)；⑥中(zhong)(zhong)砂(sha)(sha)夾(jia)(jia)(jia)礫(li)：灰(hui)(hui)色(se)(se)，密(mi)實狀(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)，飽(bao)和(he)，局(ju)部(bu)(bu)夾(jia)(jia)(jia)粗(cu)砂(sha)(sha)、礫(li)砂(sha)(sha)，含少(shao)量(liang)礫(li)石(shi)(shi)成分(fen)(fen)，在勘察場(chang)(chang)(chang)地(di)(di)(di)范圍內(nei)普(pu)(pu)遍(bian)發育(yu)，層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)厚(hou)(hou)為(wei)(wei)6.8～8.4m，屬(shu)于(yu)第四(si)(si)(si)系(xi)(xi)(xi)沖(chong)積(ji)相(xiang)地(di)(di)(di)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)；⑦砂(sha)(sha)土(tu)(tu)(tu)互(hu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)：砂(sha)(sha)為(wei)(wei)細砂(sha)(sha)、中(zhong)(zhong)砂(sha)(sha)，灰(hui)(hui)色(se)(se)，飽(bao)和(he)，中(zhong)(zhong)密(mi)狀(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)；土(tu)(tu)(tu)為(wei)(wei)粉(fen)(fen)質(zhi)粘土(tu)(tu)(tu)，灰(hui)(hui)色(se)(se)，可塑(su)偏(pian)硬狀(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)，層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)厚(hou)(hou)為(wei)(wei)5.1～6.8m左右；⑧粉(fen)(fen)質(zhi)黏土(tu)(tu)(tu)：灰(hui)(hui)色(se)(se)，可塑(su)偏(pian)硬，壓縮性中(zhong)(zhong)-低(di)等(deng)；該層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)在場(chang)(chang)(chang)地(di)(di)(di)中(zhong)(zhong)普(pu)(pu)遍(bian)發育(yu)，揭露(lu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)厚(hou)(hou)為(wei)(wei)12.9～14.4m。勘察深度內(nei)，場(chang)(chang)(chang)區地(di)(di)(di)下水(shui)(shui)屬(shu)潛水(shui)(shui)類型，埋藏于(yu)第③層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)及以下各(ge)含水(shui)(shui)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)中(zhong)(zhong)，穩定(ding)水(shui)(shui)位為(wei)(wei)1.6～2.2m，穩定(ding)水(shui)(shui)位標高為(wei)(wei)133.75～133.84m。

根據該工程地質條件及上部結構情況，為降低成本和滿足受力要求，設計方案采用預應力管樁加載體樁基礎，設計參數為：樁徑600mm，樁長10m，單樁承載力特征值3000KN。樁身采用預應力管樁PHC A600（80），樁端持力層為第⑥層中砂夾礫，設定填料量為0.5m³。

具體施工方法為：首先，如圖2中a所示，在樁位處，通過長螺旋鉆桿12將地基中的土體取出，形成長度10m、直徑500mm的樁孔；然后，如圖2中b所示，將取出的土體與水與水泥、粉煤灰進行拌合形成預拌高強度水泥土13后，將預拌高強度水泥土13壓灌入樁孔中，形成水泥土樁；然后，如圖2中c所示，將直徑為650mm、長度為11m的成孔套管1對水泥土樁中心點，成孔套管1的外壁固定有二根注漿管2，成孔套管1的底部設有分別與二根注漿管2連通的環形管，其中一根環形管上設有多個豎向噴嘴3，另一根環形管上設有多個橫向噴嘴4，二根注漿管2上端均設有控制開關5，能夠控制豎向噴嘴3和橫向噴嘴4單獨噴射或同時噴射，利用卷揚機反壓成孔套管1下沉到達10m設定深度；然后，如圖2中d所示，在成孔套管1內插入直徑450mm的細長夯錘9，一邊向成孔套管1內填入由水泥和砂拌合的填充料10，填充料10通過成孔套管1內壁和細長夯錘9外壁之間的間隙落在成孔套管1的底部，一邊提升夯錘9后自由下落對填充料10進行夯實擠密，在此過程中夯錘9始終不提出成孔套管1；然后，如圖2中e所示，反復上述操作直至將0.5m³的(de)(de)填(tian)充料全(quan)部填(tian)入并夯實完畢，在樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)底端形成(cheng)(cheng)由擠密的(de)(de)填(tian)充料10和影(ying)響土(tu)(tu)體(ti)11組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)載體(ti)；然后，如(ru)圖(tu)2中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)f所(suo)示(shi)，通(tong)過吊(diao)車吊(diao)起預應力(li)(li)混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)管(guan)(guan)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)8，對(dui)準成(cheng)(cheng)孔套管(guan)(guan)1的(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)后將預應力(li)(li)混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)管(guan)(guan)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)8插入至(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)孔套管(guan)(guan)1內；然后，如(ru)圖(tu)2中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)g所(suo)示(shi)，利用卷揚機向(xiang)上(shang)(shang)提(ti)升成(cheng)(cheng)孔套管(guan)(guan)1，同時向(xiang)注(zhu)漿管(guan)(guan)2內高壓(ya)注(zhu)入水(shui)(shui)泥漿液7并打(da)開全(quan)部控制開關5，使水(shui)(shui)泥漿液通(tong)過豎(shu)向(xiang)噴(pen)嘴(zui)(zui)3和橫向(xiang)噴(pen)嘴(zui)(zui)4對(dui)周圍土(tu)(tu)體(ti)進(jin)(jin)行雙方向(xiang)噴(pen)射(she)，使水(shui)(shui)泥漿液7填(tian)滿預應力(li)(li)混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)管(guan)(guan)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)8與(yu)側(ce)壁土(tu)(tu)體(ti)之間(jian)空隙并固化地(di)基(ji)土(tu)(tu)體(ti)；然后，如(ru)圖(tu)2中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)g所(suo)示(shi)，持續(xu)(xu)進(jin)(jin)行上(shang)(shang)提(ti)成(cheng)(cheng)孔套管(guan)(guan)1和高壓(ya)注(zhu)漿雙方向(xiang)噴(pen)射(she)操作至(zhi)6m深(shen)度時，將與(yu)橫向(xiang)噴(pen)嘴(zui)(zui)4連通(tong)的(de)(de)注(zhu)漿管(guan)(guan)2上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)控制開關5關閉，使橫向(xiang)噴(pen)嘴(zui)(zui)4不再噴(pen)射(she)而豎(shu)向(xiang)噴(pen)嘴(zui)(zui)3繼續(xu)(xu)噴(pen)射(she)；最(zui)后，如(ru)圖(tu)2中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)h所(suo)示(shi)，持續(xu)(xu)進(jin)(jin)行上(shang)(shang)提(ti)成(cheng)(cheng)孔套管(guan)(guan)1和高壓(ya)注(zhu)漿單向(xiang)噴(pen)射(she)操作，直(zhi)至(zhi)將成(cheng)(cheng)孔套管(guan)(guan)1提(ti)出地(di)表，完成(cheng)(cheng)該根(gen)載體(ti)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)(de)施工。

本案例2中，上述施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方法是通過多臺(tai)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)機(ji)具進(jin)行(xing)(xing)交(jiao)替流(liu)水作(zuo)業完成的(de)(de)(de)，即(ji)采用專(zhuan)門(men)(men)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)機(ji)具分(fen)別完成相(xiang)對應的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序(xu)，由長螺旋鉆機(ji)專(zhuan)門(men)(men)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)樁(zhuang)位處的(de)(de)(de)取(qu)土(tu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，由攪拌機(ji)械(xie)專(zhuan)門(men)(men)將土(tu)體(ti)加以水、水泥(ni)(ni)后(hou)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)均勻攪拌，由運輸(shu)機(ji)械(xie)專(zhuan)門(men)(men)將攪拌后(hou)水泥(ni)(ni)土(tu)灌注(zhu)回(hui)樁(zhuang)孔(kong)(kong)中，由帶(dai)有(you)液壓(ya)卡(ka)鉗(qian)和振動(dong)頭的(de)(de)(de)設(she)備(bei)(bei)專(zhuan)門(men)(men)將成孔(kong)(kong)套管沉入到(dao)水泥(ni)(ni)土(tu)樁(zhuang)中，由帶(dai)有(you)重錘的(de)(de)(de)設(she)備(bei)(bei)專(zhuan)門(men)(men)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)填料后(hou)夯擊即(ji)載體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，由注(zhu)漿設(she)備(bei)(bei)專(zhuan)門(men)(men)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)高壓(ya)注(zhu)漿操(cao)作(zuo)，由帶(dai)有(you)液壓(ya)卡(ka)鉗(qian)和提(ti)升裝置(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)設(she)備(bei)(bei)專(zhuan)利進(jin)行(xing)(xing)提(ti)出成孔(kong)(kong)套管的(de)(de)(de)操(cao)作(zuo)，上述每臺(tai)專(zhuan)門(men)(men)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)機(ji)具完成一個(ge)樁(zhuang)位處的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序(xu)的(de)(de)(de)專(zhuan)門(men)(men)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)后(hou)移動(dong)至下一個(ge)樁(zhuang)位處繼(ji)續(xu)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)相(xiang)同工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序(xu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，如此交(jiao)替配合流(liu)水作(zuo)業，直到(dao)完成整個(ge)場區內的(de)(de)(de)全部樁(zhuang)的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。

工程案例3：天津市塘沽區某海上風電項目，根據地質鉆探結果，各巖土層的分布特點及物理力學性質分述如下：人工填土、塊石①1層：塊徑約20～90cm，粉砂及淤泥質土充填；粉質粘土①₂層：軟塑狀，高壓縮性，層厚為3.80m，承載力特征值fak＝80kPa；細砂①₃層：松散～稍密狀，層厚為1.40m～8.60m，承載力特征值fak＝100kPa；粉砂①₄層：松散狀，局部夾細砂薄層，層厚為4.60m～9.00m，承載力特征值fak＝100kPa；淤泥質粘土②₁層：分布廣泛，層厚為1.00m～13.80m，承載力特征值fak＝80kPa；粉質粘土②₂層：流塑狀～軟塑狀，層厚一般為0.80m～5.50m，承載力特征值fak＝100kPa；粘土②₃層：軟塑狀，土質不均，層厚一般為1.50m～3.50m，承載力特征值fak＝100kPa；粉質粘土③₁層：流塑狀～軟塑狀，層厚為1.00m～5.50m，承載力特征值fak＝110kPa；粉砂③₂層：松散～稍密狀，層厚為1.00m～5.50m，承載力特征值fak＝160kPa；粘土③₃層：軟塑狀～可塑狀，層厚為0.90m～8.70m，承載力特征值fak＝110kPa；粉質粘土③₄層：軟塑狀～可塑狀，層厚為1.50m～3.80m，承載力特征值fak＝120kPa；粉砂④₁層：飽和密實狀，分布廣泛，該層層厚為4.50m～17.80m，承載力特征值fak＝280kPa；粉質粘土④₂層：可塑狀，層厚為1.00m～6.00m，承載力特征值fak＝130kPa；粘土④₃層：可塑狀，土質不均勻，層厚為1.00m～6.00m，承載力特征值fak＝120kPa；粘土⑤₁層：可塑狀，層厚為5.90m～9.70m，承載力特征值fak＝120kPa；粉砂⑤₂層：層厚為3.90m～10.30m，承載力特征值fak＝290kPa；粉質粘土⑤₃層：可塑狀～硬塑狀，層厚為1.00m～11.50m，承載力特征值fak＝170kPa；粘土⑤₄層：可塑狀，層厚為1.00m～1.08m，承載力特征值fak＝170kPa；粉土⑤₅層：密實狀，層厚為2.00m～6.0m，承載力特征值fak＝230kPa。粘土⑤₆層：可塑～硬塑狀，層厚為6.60m～9.30m，承載力特征值fak＝170kPa；粉砂⑥₁層(ceng)：密實狀，層(ceng)厚為(wei)2.00m～11.0m，承載力特征值fak＝300kPa。

根據該工(gong)程地質條件及上部(bu)結構(gou)情(qing)況(kuang)，設計方(fang)案采(cai)用預(yu)應力(li)混凝土管(guan)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)基礎，設計參數(shu)為(wei)：樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)徑800mm，樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)長28m，單樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)承(cheng)載力(li)特征值1100KN，樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)身采(cai)用預(yu)應力(li)管(guan)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)PHC A800（130），樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)端持力(li)層為(wei)第④1層粉砂。

具體施工方法為：首先，如圖3中a所示，將直徑為850mm、長度為28.5m的成孔套管1對準樁位點，成孔套管1的外壁固定有二根注漿管2，其中一根注漿管2的下端設有多個豎向噴嘴3，另一根注漿管2的下端設有多個橫向噴嘴4，二根注漿管2上端均設有控制開關5，能夠控制豎向噴嘴3和橫向噴嘴4單獨噴射或同時噴射，成孔套管1的底端帶有預制樁尖6，采用液壓卡鉗夾持成孔套管1的上口，通過液壓卡鉗上端的振動錘的振動并下壓，使成孔套管1逐漸在地基土體中沉入；然后，如圖3中b所示，當成孔套管1的底端進入到第①₄層粉砂土層時，由于土層較硬且越振動越密實，因此沉管過程困難，此時向注漿管2內高壓注入水泥漿液7并打開全部控制開關5，使水泥漿液通過豎向噴嘴3和橫向噴嘴4對周圍土體進行雙方向噴射，沖擊并潤滑土體使沉管順利，當穿過第①₄層粉砂土層后，可關閉控制開關5停止注入水泥漿液7，繼續振動并下壓使成孔套管1在土體中沉入；然后，如圖3中c所示，當成孔套管1的底端進入到第③₂層粉砂土層時，再次遇到沉管困難情況，但由于該層土體較薄，此時僅向設有豎向噴嘴3的那一根注漿管2內高壓注入水泥漿液7并打開控制開關5，使水泥漿液7通過豎向噴嘴3對周圍土體進行豎向噴射，沖擊并潤滑土體使沉管順利，當穿過第③₂層粉砂土(tu)(tu)層后(hou)，可(ke)關(guan)閉控(kong)制(zhi)開(kai)關(guan)5停止注(zhu)入(ru)(ru)水(shui)泥漿(jiang)液(ye)7，繼續(xu)振動并(bing)下(xia)壓(ya)使成(cheng)(cheng)孔(kong)套(tao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)1在土(tu)(tu)體(ti)中(zhong)沉入(ru)(ru)深入(ru)(ru)至(zhi)(zhi)28m設定深度(du)；然(ran)后(hou)，如圖3中(zhong)d所(suo)示(shi)，通過(guo)吊車吊起(qi)預(yu)(yu)應(ying)力(li)混凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)樁(zhuang)8，對準成(cheng)(cheng)孔(kong)套(tao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)1的中(zhong)心后(hou)將預(yu)(yu)應(ying)力(li)混凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)樁(zhuang)8插入(ru)(ru)至(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)孔(kong)套(tao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)1內(nei)(nei)；然(ran)后(hou)，如圖3中(zhong)e所(suo)示(shi)，利(li)用液(ye)壓(ya)卡鉗夾持(chi)成(cheng)(cheng)孔(kong)套(tao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)1并(bing)向(xiang)上提(ti)(ti)升，同時向(xiang)注(zhu)漿(jiang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)2內(nei)(nei)高(gao)壓(ya)注(zhu)入(ru)(ru)水(shui)泥漿(jiang)液(ye)7并(bing)打(da)開(kai)全部控(kong)制(zhi)開(kai)關(guan)5，使水(shui)泥漿(jiang)液(ye)7通過(guo)豎向(xiang)噴(pen)(pen)嘴(zui)3和橫(heng)向(xiang)噴(pen)(pen)嘴(zui)4對周(zhou)圍土(tu)(tu)體(ti)進行雙方向(xiang)噴(pen)(pen)射，使水(shui)泥漿(jiang)液(ye)7填滿預(yu)(yu)應(ying)力(li)混凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)樁(zhuang)7與側壁土(tu)(tu)體(ti)之間空(kong)隙并(bing)固化地基土(tu)(tu)體(ti)；最后(hou)，如圖3中(zhong)f所(suo)示(shi)，持(chi)續(xu)進行上提(ti)(ti)成(cheng)(cheng)孔(kong)套(tao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)1和高(gao)壓(ya)注(zhu)漿(jiang)操作，直至(zhi)(zhi)將成(cheng)(cheng)孔(kong)套(tao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)1提(ti)(ti)出(chu)地表，完成(cheng)(cheng)該根預(yu)(yu)應(ying)力(li)混凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)樁(zhuang)的施工。