技術領域:
本發明涉(she)及(ji)一種機械加工與(yu)增(zeng)材制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)相(xiang)結合的水輪(lun)機模型轉(zhuan)輪(lun)制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)方法。
背景技術:
:
隨(sui)著(zhu)發電設備制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)行業(ye)競爭(zheng)的(de)(de)日趨加(jia)(jia)劇,水(shui)(shui)輪(lun)(lun)機(ji)模(mo)型(xing)(xing)轉輪(lun)(lun)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)技(ji)術在水(shui)(shui)輪(lun)(lun)機(ji)轉輪(lun)(lun)開發過程(cheng)中越(yue)來越(yue)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao),在某(mou)種程(cheng)度上甚至決定了大型(xing)(xing)水(shui)(shui)電項目競標(biao)的(de)(de)成敗(bai)。模(mo)型(xing)(xing)轉輪(lun)(lun)是用以驗證設計(ji)的(de)(de)單件(jian)產品,每個電站項目均需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)10臺(tai)左右的(de)(de)模(mo)型(xing)(xing)轉輪(lun)(lun),目前主要(yao)(yao)(yao)采用鑄造(zao)銅坯(pi)(pi)進行數控加(jia)(jia)工來實(shi)現,此種制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)方法(fa)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)周(zhou)期長、成本高,另外(wai),鑄造(zao)銅坯(pi)(pi)利(li)用率低(di),同時(shi),因(yin)鑄造(zao)銅坯(pi)(pi)缺陷報廢或(huo)后續處(chu)理將進一步增加(jia)(jia)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)周(zhou)期和(he)成本。此外(wai),對(dui)于葉(xie)片(pian)高度較(jiao)小、空(kong)間(jian)較(jiao)窄(zhai)的(de)(de)轉輪(lun)(lun),葉(xie)片(pian)根(gen)部(bu)圓角過渡無法(fa)實(shi)現和(he)保證,引(yin)起流(liu)道的(de)(de)變化(hua)或(huo)帶來間(jian)隙(xi)流(liu)問題(ti)。水(shui)(shui)輪(lun)(lun)機(ji)模(mo)型(xing)(xing)轉輪(lun)(lun)的(de)(de)設計(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)與(yu)增材制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)技(ji)術擁有著(zhu)完美的(de)(de)契合點。
增材制(zhi)造技(ji)術(又稱3d打(da)印技(ji)術),誕生于20世紀(ji)80年(nian)代后期,是基于材料(liao)(liao)堆(dui)積法(fa)的(de)一種(zhong)新(xin)型制(zhi)造技(ji)術,可以(yi)根據(ju)零件或物(wu)體的(de)三(san)維模型數據(ju),通過成型設(she)備以(yi)材料(liao)(liao)累加的(de)方(fang)式制(zhi)成實物(wu)模型的(de)技(ji)術。可以(yi)自動(dong)、直(zhi)接(jie)、快速、精(jing)確(que)地將設(she)計(ji)思想(xiang)轉變(bian)為(wei)具有一定(ding)功能的(de)原型或直(zhi)接(jie)制(zhi)造零件,從而為(wei)零件原型制(zhi)作、新(xin)設(she)計(ji)思想(xiang)的(de)校驗等提供(gong)了(le)一種(zhong)高效低成本(ben)的(de)實現手段。
電(dian)(dian)(dian)弧增材制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)技術以電(dian)(dian)(dian)弧為載能束,采用(yong)逐層(ceng)堆焊的(de)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)金屬實體(ti)構(gou)(gou)(gou)件,該成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)形(xing)零(ling)件由全焊縫構(gou)(gou)(gou)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),化(hua)學成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分均勻(yun)、致密度高,開放的(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)形(xing)環境對成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)形(xing)件尺(chi)寸(cun)無(wu)限制(zhi)(zhi),成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)形(xing)速率高,但電(dian)(dian)(dian)弧增材制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)的(de)零(ling)件表面波動較大,成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)形(xing)件表面質(zhi)量較低(di),一般需(xu)要(yao)二次表面機加工,電(dian)(dian)(dian)弧增材制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)技術的(de)主要(yao)應(ying)用(yong)目標是大尺(chi)寸(cun)復雜構(gou)(gou)(gou)件的(de)低(di)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本、高效快速近凈成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)形(xing)。其中,冷(leng)金屬過(guo)渡技術具有(you)低(di)熱(re)輸入、無(wu)飛濺等特點,而且(qie),其送絲運動與熔滴過(guo)渡過(guo)程(cheng)可進(jin)行數字(zi)化(hua)協調,在物質(zhi)輸入方(fang)面具有(you)更高的(de)可操控性,可能會成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為將來電(dian)(dian)(dian)弧增材制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)的(de)主要(yao)熱(re)源(yuan)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)。
技術實現要素:
:
本發明涉(she)及一種(zhong)機械加(jia)工與增材(cai)制造(zao)相結合的水輪(lun)機模型轉輪(lun)制造(zao)方法,具(ju)有加(jia)工精度高、周(zhou)期短(duan)和成(cheng)本低的優勢。
本發明的技術方案為:
1)進行上(shang)冠(guan)的下料(liao),材(cai)質為(wei)304奧(ao)氏(shi)體不(bu)銹(xiu)鋼板,下料(liao)后采用機(ji)械加工的方法完成(cheng)上(shang)冠(guan)的制造(zao);
2)進行(xing)下環的(de)(de)下料(liao),材質為304奧氏體(ti)不銹鋼板,下料(liao)后采用機(ji)械加工的(de)(de)方法完成下環的(de)(de)制造;
3)將水輪機模(mo)型轉(zhuan)輪的(de)三維數學(xue)模(mo)型導入專用軟(ruan)件,以上冠(guan)(guan)過流面為增(zeng)(zeng)材制造基礎,確定(ding)每個葉片(pian)在上冠(guan)(guan)的(de)相對位置,并對葉片(pian)過流面自動增(zeng)(zeng)加2.0mm的(de)加工余量,對葉片(pian)數學(xue)模(mo)型沿水平方向進(jin)行切(qie)片(pian)和焊接(jie)路(lu)徑規劃;
4)將規劃的(de)焊接路徑轉化成機(ji)器人控制程序,控制機(ji)器人采用冷金屬過渡(du)的(de)電弧(hu)增(zeng)材制造(zao)(zao)方法,焊材為304l奧氏體不銹鋼焊絲,按照葉片(pian)的(de)數學模型切片(pian),每次完(wan)成所有葉片(pian)的(de)同水平片(pian)層制造(zao)(zao),而后進行所有葉片(pian)的(de)下一(yi)層制造(zao)(zao),以此類推,最(zui)終完(wan)成葉片(pian)的(de)自動(dong)增(zeng)材制造(zao)(zao),通形(xing)成近凈成型的(de)葉片(pian);
5)對制(zhi)造完成(cheng)的上(shang)冠和(he)(he)葉(xie)片(pian)(pian)整體(ti)部件進(jin)行(xing)消應(ying)力熱處理(li),而后,在數控加(jia)工(gong)中(zhong)心對葉(xie)片(pian)(pian)進(jin)行(xing)機械(xie)加(jia)工(gong),隨后對上(shang)冠和(he)(he)葉(xie)片(pian)(pian)整體(ti)進(jin)行(xing)拋光(guang)處理(li);
6)裝配下(xia)環(huan),進一步進行拋光(guang)處理,完成水輪機模(mo)型轉輪的制造。
技術效果:
水輪(lun)機(ji)(ji)(ji)模(mo)型轉(zhuan)輪(lun)在水輪(lun)機(ji)(ji)(ji)轉(zhuan)輪(lun)設計開發和(he)(he)水力(li)試驗(yan)最重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)核心部件,其(qi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)質量和(he)(he)精度(du)(du)是(shi)設計驗(yan)證和(he)(he)試驗(yan)數據正(zheng)確性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)保證,同(tong)時,還必須考慮模(mo)型轉(zhuan)輪(lun)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)周期(qi)、成(cheng)本,以及盡可能避免(mian)由原(yuan)有制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)工(gong)藝限制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)帶來的(de)(de)(de)(de)葉(xie)片(pian)根(gen)部圓角過度(du)(du)不好引起的(de)(de)(de)(de)流道變(bian)化和(he)(he)間隙流問題,而且,由于(yu)轉(zhuan)輪(lun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)上(shang)冠(guan)(guan)、下環和(he)(he)每個葉(xie)片(pian)均是(shi)單獨制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao),最終(zhong)裝配制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作完成(cheng),存在一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)尺(chi)寸誤差和(he)(he)葉(xie)片(pian)一(yi)致(zhi)性(xing)誤差。本發明提出(chu)了(le)一(yi)種利用電(dian)弧(hu)增(zeng)材(cai)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)葉(xie)片(pian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)水輪(lun)機(ji)(ji)(ji)模(mo)型轉(zhuan)輪(lun)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa),充分結(jie)合利用機(ji)(ji)(ji)械加工(gong)和(he)(he)增(zeng)材(cai)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)兩種技術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)優點,對于(yu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構簡單,易(yi)于(yu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械加工(gong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)上(shang)冠(guan)(guan)和(he)(he)下環,采用機(ji)(ji)(ji)械加工(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa),利用鋼板制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)。對于(yu)具有空間曲面(mian)結(jie)構,加工(gong)難度(du)(du)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)葉(xie)片(pian),采用增(zeng)材(cai)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)近凈成(cheng)型的(de)(de)(de)(de)葉(xie)片(pian)。在完成(cheng)上(shang)冠(guan)(guan)和(he)(he)葉(xie)片(pian)整體制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)和(he)(he)消(xiao)應力(li)處理后,利用數控加工(gong)中心對葉(xie)片(pian)進行(xing)精加工(gong),這(zhe)樣(yang)保證了(le)葉(xie)片(pian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)精度(du)(du)和(he)(he)一(yi)致(zhi)性(xing),同(tong)時避免(mian)了(le)流道變(bian)化和(he)(he)間隙流問題。與(yu)原(yuan)有模(mo)型轉(zhuan)輪(lun)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)相(xiang)比,機(ji)(ji)(ji)械加工(gong)上(shang)冠(guan)(guan)和(he)(he)下環與(yu)冷金屬(shu)過渡電(dian)弧(hu)增(zeng)材(cai)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)葉(xie)片(pian)相(xiang)結(jie)合的(de)(de)(de)(de)水輪(lun)機(ji)(ji)(ji)模(mo)型轉(zhuan)輪(lun)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)具有加工(gong)精度(du)(du)高、周期(qi)短和(he)(he)成(cheng)本低的(de)(de)(de)(de)優勢(shi)。
附圖說明:
圖1是機械加工上冠示(shi)意圖。
圖(tu)2是(shi)機械(xie)加工下環(huan)示(shi)意圖(tu)。
圖(tu)3是以上冠(guan)過流面為基(ji)礎增材制造葉片(pian)示(shi)意圖(tu)。
圖4是增材(cai)制造葉片分布示意圖。
圖5是本發明的結(jie)構示意圖。
附圖中:
1機械加(jia)工上冠;2冷金(jin)屬過渡電弧(hu)增材制造(zao)葉片;
3機械加工下環。
具體實施方式
下(xia)面結合附圖和具體(ti)實施方式對本(ben)發明做進一步的描述:
如1圖所示(shi),進(jin)行上(shang)冠1的(de)下料(liao),材質為304奧氏體不銹(xiu)鋼板,下料(liao)后(hou)采用機械加工的(de)方法完(wan)成上(shang)冠1的(de)制造;
如2圖所示,進行下環3的下料,材質(zhi)為304奧氏(shi)體不銹鋼板(ban),下料后采用機械加工的方法完成下環3的制造;
如3圖所(suo)示,將水輪(lun)機模(mo)型(xing)轉(zhuan)輪(lun)的(de)(de)三維(wei)數(shu)(shu)學模(mo)型(xing)導(dao)入專用軟(ruan)件,以上冠1過(guo)流面(mian)為增(zeng)材(cai)制造(zao)基礎(chu),確定每(mei)個(ge)葉(xie)(xie)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)2在(zai)上冠1的(de)(de)相(xiang)對位置,并對葉(xie)(xie)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)2過(guo)流面(mian)自動增(zeng)加(jia)2.0mm的(de)(de)加(jia)工(gong)余量,對葉(xie)(xie)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)2數(shu)(shu)學模(mo)型(xing)沿(yan)水平(ping)方(fang)向(xiang)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)切(qie)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)和(he)焊(han)接(jie)路徑(jing)規劃(hua);將規劃(hua)的(de)(de)焊(han)接(jie)路徑(jing)轉(zhuan)化成(cheng)機器(qi)人控(kong)(kong)制程序(xu),控(kong)(kong)制機器(qi)人采用冷金屬過(guo)渡的(de)(de)電(dian)弧增(zeng)材(cai)制造(zao)方(fang)法,焊(han)材(cai)為304l奧氏體(ti)不銹鋼焊(han)絲,按照(zhao)葉(xie)(xie)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)2的(de)(de)數(shu)(shu)學模(mo)型(xing)切(qie)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian),每(mei)次完(wan)成(cheng)所(suo)有葉(xie)(xie)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)2的(de)(de)同水平(ping)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)層(ceng)制造(zao),而(er)后(hou)(hou)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)所(suo)有葉(xie)(xie)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)2的(de)(de)下一(yi)層(ceng)制造(zao),以此類推,最終(zhong)完(wan)成(cheng)葉(xie)(xie)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)2的(de)(de)自動增(zeng)材(cai)制造(zao),通形(xing)成(cheng)近凈成(cheng)型(xing)的(de)(de)葉(xie)(xie)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)2;對制造(zao)完(wan)成(cheng)的(de)(de)上冠1和(he)葉(xie)(xie)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)2整(zheng)體(ti)部件進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)消(xiao)應力熱處(chu)理(li),而(er)后(hou)(hou),在(zai)數(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)加(jia)工(gong)中心(xin)對葉(xie)(xie)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)2進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)機械(xie)加(jia)工(gong),隨后(hou)(hou)對上冠1和(he)葉(xie)(xie)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)2整(zheng)體(ti)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)拋光處(chu)理(li);
如4圖所示,增材制造完成后葉片(pian)2(總計(ji)9片(pian))在上(shang)冠1的分(fen)布(bu);
如圖(tu)5所示(shi),裝配下環3,隨后進(jin)(jin)一步(bu)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)拋光處(chu)理,完成水輪機模型轉輪的(de)制(zhi)造。